Pride and Prejudice and the Relationships of Women and Men Essay

In the book Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen there are many relationships between men and women. This book was originally entitled First Impressions and when reading it is easy to understand how this title could be aptly appropriate to the story line and characters. In these relationships one of the things that can be noted is that men are primarily looking for sex and that women are looking for resources. There are several character relationships in the story that exemplify this theory. These relationships include the relationship between Charlotte and Mr. Collins, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, and Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. There are many examples as to how these relationships truly do exemplify the theory that women use relationships to find resources and men use relationships to find sex (LeFraye, Chapter 1). In the relationship of Charlotte and Mr. Collins there is much speculation throughout the story as to whether or not they are really in love. This can be exemplified through looking at their interactions together and focusing on what they do not have. There are many cases where it is obvious that Charlotte wants to be married and that she is trying to fulfill her mother’s dream of her being married off. Also Charlotte seems to ravish in the idea that someone else could take care of her. As for Mr. Collins, there is much detail linked to his attraction to Charlotte and being attracted to her could promote a stronger desire in him to fulfill his sexual desires with her. Also prior to Mr. Collins being with Charlotte, Mr. Collins was more interested in Elizabeth who continuously denied him and didn’t want to be with him. This further promotes that Mr. Collins did not show that he was truly in love with Charlotte in the story (Austen 211). There were many other key points that were involved in the relationship between Mr. Collins and Charlotte. This relationship between Charlotte and Mr. Collins did cause some problems for Charlotte as her sister was disappointed in her in that she felt that Charlotte should hold out for true love and really find someone who was smitten with her where as Charlotte seemed ready to settle in a desperate attempt to be married and no longer have to worry about whether or not she was going to have to take care of herself. Charlotte seemed to be comforted by the fact that someone was offering to really take care of her and focus their energies on her well being. In this fact it seems as though Charlotte was truly willing to settle for anything when it came to being taken care of and Mr. Collins was happy settling for Charlotte whom he found attractive and yet he was also able to encourage a relationship where he would be able to have passion in his own eyes. This relationship personifies the trend of the times that was when someone married for economic reasons rather than marrying for love (â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† 3). In the relationship of Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy there are many different factors affecting how things. In the beginning it seems as though Elizabeth can not stand Mr. Darcy, â€Å"as if intending to exasperate herself as much as possible against Mr. Dacry. † There were many other statements in the novel which would lead one to believe that Elizabeth indeed can not stand Mr. Darcy. There are also statements in the novel to support that Mr. Darcy feels likewise and the same and that he too has no intentions of having a relationship with Elizabeth. â€Å"Mr. Darcy, who was leaning against the mantle-piece with his eyes fixed on her face, seemed to catch her words with no less resentment than surprise. His complexion became pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature. † The problems between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy seemed to be that they both were head strong and had big personalities in which they were not interested in being able to engage in a relationship together (Austen 313 and 314). Later through the novel the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy develops and eventually, the second time that he proposes, they decide to be married. In this sense it seems as though Elizabeth holds out on marrying him until she believes that he is willing to initiate a relationship with her and he is willing to respect her for her thoughts and beliefs and not simply that he is attracted to her or wanting to be with her in a relationship. Another key factor in this relationship is that Elizabeth finds Mr. Darcy to be attractive, even when she is unhappy with who she thinks he is as a person, she still thinks that he is good looking. There are also a lot of issues in this sense as Elizabeth talks a lot throughout the first chapters about her opinions of others and she does not truly give others a chance to develop as she bases most of her long term impressions on others on the first impression which they make. Overall this relationship personifies a successful relationship between a man and a woman under the pretense that there has to be a long term connection and something more than initial attraction in order to have a successful relationship and marriage (â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† 1). In the relationship of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet it is obvious that Mrs. Bennet is consumed with the financial ability of men to take care of women. She is obsessed with her daughters being able to marry a â€Å"fine suitor† who will be able to provide for them and she is even talking about the amount of money one young man makes with her husband as the story opens. Mr. Bennet seems to be concerned about his wife’s beauty which would prove that he has a need and a desire to find her attractive. Mrs. Bennet’s only concerns for her daughters are that they be married off to wealthy men who can provide the best of life for them however she has poor public manners and many times her daughters are embarrassed by her. Also Mrs. Bennet’s actions really do keep some of the most suitable suitors away from her daughters as her actions are rather appalling to others and therefore they are typically wanting less to do with her daughters in fear of having to deal with her. In many parts of the novel, Mr. Bennet comments on his appreciation for Mrs. Bennet’s beauty, in doing so he is portraying that he is truly attracted to her and therefore he would be interested in the sexual relationships that would be available to him with his wife (Austen 213). This relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet personifies the relationship that can occur when someone focuses on attraction first. This being that Mr. Bennet fell in love with how Mrs. Bennet looked without knowing what her intelligence was or whether or not they would get along. Mr. Bennet had been more concerned with these outward features than long term compatibility and in the end there were a lot of reasons to believe that this relationship was not all that it seemed to be (â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† 2). In the book, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, there are many relationships that exemplify the idea that women are in relationships in order to secure stability and men are in relationships for sex. This is apparent in the relationships between Charlotte and Mr. Collins, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, and Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. In these relationships the women are looking for various securities whether financial, emotional or both and the men seem to be looking for the sexual benefits that will come from the relationships. These types of relationship trends are interested in Bibliography Austen, Jane. The Complete Novels. New York: Penguin Group, 2006. LeFraye, Deidre. Jane Austen: The world of Her Novels. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice. † The Literature Network. 2000.

Key Problems and Issues Facing Hong Kong

Contemporary Tourism Issues Topic: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – KEY PROBLEMS AND ISSUES FACING HONG KONG Introduction Unquestionably, Hong Kong is a blessed land where possesses prosperity and most of the elements of being a world class cosmopolitan which has successfully attracted visitors over years, especially from the mainland by emphasising our world-class shopping, dining and other urban attractions (Lam, H. , 2004).Despite the flourishing scene of the tourism industry, the volatile tourist markets and growing competition from Southeast Asian countries and neighbouring destinations have posed new challenges to Hong Kong’s tourism industry. In order to strengthen Hong Kong’s position as a preferable Asian tourist destination, in recent years, Hong Kong government has started paying more attentions to sustainable tourism due to the rising environmental consciousness worldwide and tourists’ growing interests in the new forms of tourism, namely Eco-tour ism and Cultural Tourism.Projects and campaigns, such as the development of Hong Kong Wetland Park, the launch of â€Å"Cultural Kaleidoscope† and â€Å"Nature Kaleidoscope† experience programmes, and publishing tour guidebooks- â€Å"Discover Hong Kong Nature† and â€Å"Discover Hong Kong by Rail† were introduced to promote green tourism and cultural tourism (GovHK, 2009). These promotion schemes have been launched with the aim to sustain the tourism industry by diversifying the tourism products to cater to the changing and diverse needs of inbound tourist market.Despite the development is on track of continued growth which has aroused tourists’ interests to look at â€Å"the other sides† of Hong Kong, many issues are needed to take into consideration due to the complex nature of sustainable tourism and the large number of stakeholders involved in. There is criticism from public that throughout these schemes, little attention has been paid to develop the tourism as a whole and a truly sustainable one since the schemes are still carried out in a loose manner without a thorough policy. The most significant issues are environmental ustainability and cultural sustainability due to the most recent focus of government on these issues and their importance to the sustainable development. Environmental Sustainability Country parks and nature reserves make up 40 percent of Hong Kong's total land area of some 1,100 square kilometres (Ling, 2007). Regarding the relative ample resources and the initial success of Wetland Parks, Hong Kong government recognized the green potential in Hong Kong tourism and has aggressively proposed numbers of Green initiatives recently, such as the Lantau North Country Park and Marine Park, Geoparks as well as cycle tracks and mountain bike trails.However, regarding these proposed projects, inadequate concerns have been given to the carrying capacity of these natural resources as well as the cost of construction. It is found that the conservational practices are not carried out in a strict manner as a case in Kam Tin Wetland and Hoi Ha Wan marine reserve, which are two well-known ecological attractions in Hong Kong, were reported in suffering wastage problems (Cheung, 2006).Another typical example is a member of Advisory Council on the Environment opposed to the proposal of Lantau North Country Park concerning the development of transport linkage of Tung Chung Road would damage the ecology of the areas. It aroused conservationists’ concern that government’s overemphasis on bringing in the tourist dollars will keep tourist agencies and residents focused on generating large-scale projects but putting little concern on making low-impact sustainable tourism (Crets, 2006).From the projects being carried out or proposed, it shows government’s interests on large scale investment but not much effort and support given to the details, such as the carrying capacity of the ecological resources. It implies government emphasized on the profit making and lacked of a whole-heartedly attitudes towards sustainable tourism. There is no doubt that green tourism has a large potential to become one of the major tourism sectors in Hong Kong with its educational and sustainable meaning as well as the economic benefits resulted from the rising awareness of this market.However, sustainability should not put mainly on the economic side since sustainability of tourist attractions, i. e. , the ecological sites and the heritage, is the core value of sustainable tourism. Although the government claimed that it has been keen on â€Å"promoting green tourism in Northeast New Territories and outlying islands having regard to the principles of nature conservation and sustainable development. (GovHK, 2009), it is doubtful that, regarding its policy on green tourism, whether Hong Kong government has a clear and accurate vision for mass tourism that will incorporate the natural environment. Tourism should be regarded as a tool for ecological and heritage preservation but not the other way round, otherwise there is no true meaning of sustainable tourism. Apparently, there is still much room for improvement regarding the policy as more concern and control should be placed over the environmental sustainability so as not to override the economic sustainability on the environmental sustainability.The success of green tourism is largely dependent on effectiveness of government on planning and management to minimize the impact to environment and the effective distribution of ecological resources. One of the measures suggested to the government is to have strict control on the environmental conservations instead of focusing on constructing more attractions and promoting the markets. The carrying capacity of the green attractions should be carefully studied and controlled by imposing strict regulations on the visitor numbers and their behaviours.Besides, du e to the rising demand, eco-guides’ demand is stretching, thus setting legal standards for eco-guides as well as providing training for nurturing the expertise are in urgent needs to cope with the stretched demand as well as to educate the appropriate behaviours in the ecologist attractions (Chong, 2007). Cultural Sustainability Due to the diversification in Hong Kong’s culture which is positioned as East-meet-West, Hong Kong has been recently facing the demands of constructing an identity reflected in choices about what heritage to conserve and how to present it (Henderson, 2002).With the current trend of globalization and mass movement of people, issues of cultural identity and cultural preservation continue to be explored. Recently, Hong Kong has been keen on developing attractions to enhance Hong Kong’s cultural image, one of the fine examples is the proposed cultural venues, the West Kowloon Cultural District. Besides building new cultural venues, preservin g and promoting Hong Kong’s tangible and intangible heritage are accounted as other measures to showcase Hong Kong’s mixed culture.Examples like preservation and development of the former Marine Police Headquarters in Tsim Sha Tsui into a tourism facility by the private sector, â€Å"1881 Heritage†, and HKTB’s promotion of traditional Chinese customs and festivals such as the Tin Hau Festival parade in Yuen Long and Cha Kwo Ling, Tam Kung Festival in Shaukeiwan, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival and the Birthday of Lord Buddha celebrations at Po Lin Monastery. Despite these efforts, several problems are found regarding Hong Kong’s culture and heritage sustainability policy.It is found that Hong Kong has been relatively slow in developing its potential heritage sites into tourist attractions, as seen in the controversy over the fate of Tiger Balm Garden and the Central Police Station. According to Chu and Uebegang (2002), the sluggish and passive respons e of government reflects the lack of political will due to a lack of understanding of the principles of heritage and its potential. The Government believes heritage conservation should be driven by tourism and economics and not treated in the same way as other social and education services.Even with the setting up of Heritage Tourism Task Force which is established in 1998, there have been very few recommendations proposed by the task force. Some critics have blamed on its lack of leadership and lack of influence in the government bureaucracy (Chu and Uebegang, 2002). Other problems implied in the policy of government are lack of a broad-based, long-term conservation policy, lack of a clear priorities and inadequate co-ordination of government departments involved in present heritage conservation practice.Besides, in most cultural heritage development, public involvement in decision-making is absent. Regarding these problem, it is essential for government to change its attitude and strike for a more holistic vision and policy towards the cultural heritage conservation. It is due to the challenge faced by Hong Kong that it has long promoted its culture as an exciting fusion of East-meet-West and traditional-meet-contemporary, which may cause it falling in a danger of overemphasizing on international style attractions and a loss of actual distinctiveness.Development may follow a common path to create uniform of tourism features which convey similar image to the tourists. Therefore, the cultural and heritage conservations are essential in the tourism development as it helps to maintain a unique sense of place and difference as intrinsic merit to secure its competitive advantages and reposition the image besides an international metropolitan with the colonial history. Apart from these problems of fragmented policy and vision, the management issue of the cultural heritage has been another concern by the conservationist and researchers.Since the cultural and heritag e tourism requires a cautious approach with sensitivity, research, and community involvement due to its core value is to convey the value to and engage present generations without betraying the spirit of the previous generations’ experiences. It is important and beneficial to involve the participation of those people and groups who are most closely related to the significance of the heritage area. Without this, it is difficult to achieve substantive conservation. In Hong Kong, there is lack of cooperation with and involvement of the locals or the significant cultural group.It is, therefore, suggested to involve the local community at the planning and operation level which can enhance the sustainability of the projects as well as prevent the problem of being too commercialized which affecting the authenticity and integrity of the heritage. Referring to the need of involvement of local community, certain level of empowerment is essential which can be regarded as community based tourism. It broadly described as â€Å"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people. It requires tourism activities to be primarily developed and operated by members of the local community and that revenues from tourism remain within the local community. Respect for local culture, heritage and traditions is imperative. CBT teaches the visitor to behave responsibly and respectfully towards nature and native culture, and offers activities that give the visitor an understanding and appreciation of the area without degrading it. Most importantly of all, it can reserve the sustainable resources and reduce the impacts to the community daily life at the minimum level.Conclusion Tourism is most ideally suited to adopt sustainability as a guiding philosophy in sustainable developmemnt (McKercher, 2003). However, mismanaging sustainable tourism will turn it into a curse as it will damage the ecological and heritage attraction s in more direct ways. According to McKercher (2003), sustainable tourism is built around four pillars of tourism, namely economic sustainability, ecological sustainability, cultural sustainability and local sustainability, all these four elements must be addressed if we are to achieve sustainable tourism.It is found that recently Hong Kong government is striking for sustainable tourism, however, there is a lack of broad view and holistic policy to support the efforts. Unregulated short-term initiatives which serve the narrow interests of powerful forces in the industry may jeopardize the sustainability and longer-term tourism potential of many communities upon which majority interests are based (Brohman, 1996). It is therefore important for government to be aware of the future planning must be holistic, strategic and long-term.Laws, procedures and systems for planning, preservation, development and management should be adjusted or created to ensure that the development of the proje ct is undertaken in ways that are consistent with the principles of sustainability. Besides, all these should be applied to a culture of caring for the environment, therefore the concepts of preservation and sustainable development should be fostered and encouraged within the government and the community so as to ensure the true and holistic meaning of sustainable tourism.

Attack Tree Of Computer Security

Attack Tree Of Computer Security This report is introduces about the possible attack for company and it represent by the attack tree diagram. In the company have six computer and internal server. Each computer is using Microsoft window 7. They are using the DVD to store the backup and the router is default setting. Each employee has the email address. Firstly, I will attack the workstation, try to obtain the password illegally and attack the security such as install virus, Trojan, worm and DOS attack. After that, I will attack the dvd to get the dvd and do some malicious action. Obtain the DVD can through the employee, such as bribe or threaten. Malicious action will install the threats into the DVD and spread to other computer when they are using the backup. Then, we will attack the router which is change the WEP or filter the mac address to cause the computer cannot connect to the network. We also can using threats through the router to install into the system, e.g plashing, pharming, DNS cache poisoning and spoo fing. However, I will attack the server using the internal threats and external threats, such as ask a person to disguise a customer to get the information from company, or ask the temporarily customer to be a spy to do some malicious action. Moreover, attack the email using the security threats like phishing, email spam, virus and spam. Then, obtain the email password from the target. Finally, attack the window 7 using hacking tools to destroy the host file from the system and using physical attack to the system and obtain the important data or change the data to make a big lose for the company. All of these attacks will discuss in this report. Introduction and scope Attack tree helps one to understand security issue better, from the stand point of an attacker. Attack trees are a graphical and mathematical construct used to identify most of the attack that will cause the greatest risk to the defender, determine effective strategies decrease the risk in a acceptable level for the de fender, describe the potential attack between the adversary and the defender, provide a communication mechanism for security analysts, capture what is known and believed about the system and its adversaries, and store the information in a diagram that can be understood for the subsequently defenders. Although it is very hard to identify the entire possible factor that leads to intuition, it is based on the experiences and the ability to extrapolate how the experiences apply on the new situation.  For example, the effectiveness of internet security, network security, banking system security, installation and personnel security may all be modelled using attack trees. The ideal of attack tree is that an equipment, software, process could have vulnerabilities that when successful, they could compromise the entire system. Scope There are six computers and one internal server and each computer encompasses Microsoft Window 7 and Microsoft Office 2007. Each workstation has been patched wi th all updates of March 25, 2010. They are using ADSL 2+ connection. The server and workstation backup is store in a DVD. All the employees have email addresses and there share the document through a D-Link DNS-323 NAS. The router is utilising default settings and consists of a D-Link DSL G604t. Each workstation is utilising Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool.

Discuss and explain the Jewish scope for resistance during the Essay

Discuss and explain the Jewish scope for resistance during the Holocaust - Essay Example Jews in every ghetto, labour camp and death camp established several strategies in order to carry out effective resistance despite having little and less effective weapons. However, with their limited resources, they had courage to obtain food and water under death threat and blocked Germans from exploiting them despite having weak military. The Holocaust came to an end after Allied forces came in Europe to fight against Germans for exploiting innocent Jews. Consequently, German forces could not withhold anymore because western Allied forces had very powerful weapons and military base, thus marking the end of World War II. This paper outlines various approaches undertaken by Jews to resist Nazi rule during the Holocaust. Although there was resistance through armed uprisings, some people in ghettos boycotted Nazi rule as a means of resistance. Jews defied Nazis rule and instead, they acted contrary to the rule as a means of resisting oppressive Germans. Since there were curfew rules that barred Jews from being in the streets from 7pm to 5 am, they would gather in one building to practice all their cultural practices like dancing, singing and having comedy in order to forget the ordeal they were undergoing through. Cultural practices were prohibited by the Nazi rule and whenever one was found practicing any cultural activity, they were killed mercilessly by gunshots. Additionally, Jewish children were denied the right to education by Nazi rule; however, in ghettos, Jews set up informal schools that would educate their children secretly. Furthermore, it was a crime for Jews to observe their rituals like dietary laws and they would be punished severely once found practicing it. In light to these oppressions, many Jews felt that it was time to fight for their liberty since Nazi rule had greatly overlooked their rights. They organized committees that were meant to mobilize people to retaliate against Nazis by boycotting their rules and fighting

Pleaes .Require ....Paraphrase..rewrttin...Reflection 300 word Essay

Pleaes .Require ....Paraphrase..rewrttin...Reflection 300 word - Essay Example This helped me finish my work with complete patience. I was able to deliver my best, and score the most accordingly. There were quite a lot of assignments in which I had to reflect upon my experiences. In the start, reflective tasks seemed very difficult to accomplish. As I started to be less critical about the formal tone of writing, my reflection writing skill flourished. I would let go of grammatical errors and would instead, concentrate more upon the concept, theme and evaluation of experience. This earned me good grades. In this course, I learned how to improve teamwork in medical imaging by reflecting upon past experiences, identifying the faults, and realizing suitable alternatives for future. One of the lessons that I learned was that conflicts are inevitable in group work, though one can put effort to make them functional rather than dysfunctional. Concluding, I appreciate having learnt a lot in the last semester. The lectures were highly informative and were given by some o f the most successful and well reputed scientists. I had seen some of them on television before attending their lectures on campus. As lecturers kept changing from one lecture to another, students would not be bored. I am optimistic that the referencing styles, reflection writing, working in group and presentation making which I have learnt in the last semester would be very useful to me in my future practice. ..

Joint venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Joint venture - Essay Example One of the biggest advantages of joint venture is that it saves time. It takes a company a lot of time and effort to develop the knowledge base required to expand into the industry, be able to develop and introduce new products in the market, and improve efficiency and productivity in business. Joint ventures provide companies with the opportunity to share expertise, obtain lead time, and minimize the cost that is otherwise incurred because of lack of experience and expertise. Another very important and rewarding feature of joint venture is that it promises good quality. Understandably, when one firm has to make a product, some features of the product that the firm is capable of producing would be of good quality while the quality of other features might be compromised. Since the different companies joining hands to form a joint venture are experts in their respective fields, products made in a joint venture are of very good

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement Essay

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement failure Why - Essay Example The 26 years of Israeli occupation were the period, preceding the signed Oslo agreement (usually called Oslo Accord). These 26 years are divided into the two different periods: the first period is called 'easy conquest'1. It was the period, during which Israel kept around 15,000 of military occupiers at the Palestinian territory. This number was drastically increased during the period of Intifada, and according to various estimates, the number of Israeli troops at that time was more than 180,000; but in the period of 1981-83, the new rules of governing Palestinian people were implemented, and the indirect ruling was replaced by the Israeli manpower, which had to govern Palestinians at each level. This was the beginning of perception, that Palestinians didn't feel free and safe on their territory anymore, and thus the need of peaceful resolution was becoming more and more evident. What we see at present - are the consequences of the flawed process of Oslo agreement, which has been bui lt in the wrong direction from the very beginning. We have here to understand, what were the backgrounds of such agreement, and why Palestinians have not accepted it as the means of finding a common solution to their problem, as through the literary sources reviewed, Palestinians are depicted as the victims of the unfair attitudes, stated in Oslo Accord. The consequ The flaws of Oslo Accord and its failure as a means of finding peaceful agreement The consequences - violent confrontation, disproportionally massive Israeli repression and widespread Palestinian rebellion followed by the great loss of life, the majority of which is also Palestinian,2 are the examples of the situations witnessing the final stage of Oslo process failure. This process is stated to be flawed from the very beginning. 'Oslo was designed to segregate the Palestinians in non-contiguous enclaves, surrounded by Israeli-controlled borders, with settlements and settlement roads punctuating and essentially violating the territories' integrity, expropriations and house demolitions proceeding inexorably through the Rabin, Peres, Netanyahu and Barak administrations along with the expansion and multiplication of settlements (200,000 Israeli Jews added to Jerusalem, 200,000 more in Gaza and the West Bank), military occupation continuing, and every tiny step taken toward Palestinian sovereignty -- including agreements to withdraw in minuscule, agreed-upon phases - - stymied, delayed, cancelled at Israel's will'.3 I suppose that Oslo process has displayed a number of serious flaws, each of which has contributed into its failure, and thus is to be considered separately. The first flaw of the Oslo Accord and the peace process in general was in the fact that this very process has presupposed long period of 'mini-withdrawals' of the Israeli military occupiers, but only in exchange of Palestinian 'silence'.4 The core of this flaw is in the suggestion and unreal idea that Palestine would easily give up its attempts to win its territory and thus Israeli would have free opportunity to continue its occupation; but this belief was absolutely unreal. The second flaw was in the fact, that Oslo agreement implied Palestinians had to prove to the Israeli state, that they could be trusted, in exchange for certain small rewards. 5 This idea was stated by Aruri (2000)6 as

Allowabe size and configuration of sidewalk cafes in NYC Essay

Allowabe size and configuration of sidewalk cafes in NYC - Essay Example They have been instrumental in giving feasible solutions to idealized proposals of cultural entities and the government. Architects are instrumental in responding to the concerns of both the commercial entities and the public in giving an integrated policy (Loukaitou-Sideris & Ehrenfeucht, 2009). In addition, cultural forces have agitated for a traditional architectural setting whereby culture is integrated into daily activities. This calls for sidewalk spaces that can allow for setting of public emblems and interaction. On the other hand, commercial activities constrain the growth of culture in towns. Academics have complained of the sidewalk policy as ignoring the preferences of the public and consumers. It also ignores the concept of free markets whereby commercial activities control the space in which they operate in the same (McEachern, 2008). This criticism rides on the idea that the government and academics make assumptions of problems in the city. This ignores the feelings of the public of whom the changes are made for the same. This suggests that the public should push for proposals of improving their interests in the city. In this sense, the public pulls away the stake from the academics. Other critiques herald the policy as one-sided since it only concentrates on the public and constrains the growth of small businesses (Kleniewski & Thomas,

Constitutional Freedoms in the Law Enforcement Workplace Essay

Constitutional Freedoms in the Law Enforcement Workplace - Essay Example n that constitutional freedoms of law enforcement officials may reside in conflict with their job roles and responsibilities at times undermining or overpowering each other. Accordingly, framers of the US constitution comprehended that dividing powers, both vertically and horizontally, would help in safeguarding individual liberty within the nation, which were further used to frame the job roles and responsibilities in the law enforcement workplace. This republican theory helped in ensuring that individual rights were safeguarded from each and every type of government abuse, but lacked in ensuring or guaranteeing the same for officials or public employees working in the law enforcement workplace. This particular supposition undoubtedly raises many questions on the US constitutional feature to articulate the fundamental commitments for US citizens, including ‘democracy’, ‘liberty’ and ‘equality’ as its basic principles to meet both individual and national security requirements2. As can apparently be observed, the degree of confusion and debates eyeing the constitutional freedoms applicable in the law enforcement workplace demands a rigorous analysis of the context, elaborating on the limits imposed by constitutional freedoms and on circumstances when job responsibilities in the mentioned working environment overpowers individual constitutional freedom. This particular notion will form the base for the discussion undertaken in this study. Defining constitutional freedom can be referred as both simple and complex. On a simple note, constitutional rights refer to the freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of the country to its citizens. To be precise, it intends to protect them from potential but unreasonable harm from the operations of the constitution for a greater interest, i.e. to ensure national security at every dimension of the community. On the broader context, these freedoms encompass political, civil as well as personal rights entitled to a

Comparison of Oil and Alternative Energy Sources Research Paper

Comparison of Oil and Alternative Energy Sources - Research Paper Example This makes it an abundant resource that can sustain various energy requirements around the world. Also, when the appropriate technology is put in place in a given area, it is fairly easy for oil to be explored in perpetuity with little additional costs. Although oil machinery and infrastructure is expensive, when they are set up, they can extract crude oil at costs at as low as $2 per barrel. With a high market rate of between $30 and $100, the profit margins are always high for these petroleum companies and they recover their costs in a short time. It must also be pointed that there are two inherent weaknesses in the use of oil. First of all, oil is a non-renewable energy source. This means that once it is extracted from the earth, it cannot be replaced. As such, it is prone to exhaustion. This implies that there will be a time where oil will no more be available to people in the world. Nagle and Guinness (2011 p364) indicate that the International Agency has identified that peak oi will occur in the period between 2013 and 2037. In other words, within this timeframe, oil production will be at the highest levels. And due to declining levels of oil reserves around the world, oil production will begin to fall after this time. This means that the levels of oil will fall in the near future after oil reserves are used up. It is speculated that based on current production levels, known oil reserves will run out between 15 and 80 years (Nagle and Guinness, 2011 p364). Although these figures might be generated through pessimistic estimates, there is a genuine cause for alarm, because if production continues, it is a known fact that oil reserves are going to run out. This therefore presents a strong case for the identification and exploitation of alternative sources of energy. Also, oil leads to high carbon emissions which lead to global warming and climate change (May and Caron, 2009). This is because the oil taken from the earth directly, known as crude oil needs to be refined. In refining crude oil, it needs to be burnt at high temperatures in the process of fractional distillation. This leads to high degrees of emissions into the atmosphere. Also, the usage of oil in cars and other machines leads to combustion which causes the emission of high degrees of pollutants into the atmosphere. These pollutants get into the atmosphere and modify the character of the ozone layer. This leads to a situation where the ozone layer traps the reflection and release of heat from the earth into space. Due to this, the temperature in the world becomes high and this affects the balance in the natural environment. These two inherent weaknesses present compelling case for the introduction of a new and more efficient method of satisfying the energy needs. Research Framework This paper explores the research question: Are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? In answering this research question, the writer will address the following objectives: 1. A critical analysis of alternative energy sources. 2. A comparison of the alternative energy sources to oil. 3. An evaluation of how appropriately the alternative energy sources could be used in lieu of oil. Alternative Energy Sources Turk and Bensel (2011 p252) identify a paradox relating to the dangers of using fossil fuels and oil. They state that: â€Å"Can the global society make the massive shift to using windmills, solar panels and other renewable

Enjoyable Theatrical Experience Essay Example for Free

Enjoyable Theatrical Experience Essay An Inspector Calls was written by J. B Priestley in 1945. The play is set in 1912. In England this was a time of strikes, riots and poverty. The play was partly written by Priestley to highlight a number of very important issues in our lives, which include social class, capitalist and social attitude to life, equality, prejudice, wealth, poverty, rights and responsibilities. It is for this reason that the play may be described as an effective piece of social criticism. It criticises the way in which some people live and think, as well as make us question what is right and what is wrong. The play is a very enjoyable theatrical experience as it is full of excitement, suspense, tension and dramatic irony. In this offer my own opinions and support these with evidence, quotations and examples. It is important to understand what the terms capitalist and socialist mean. Capitalists are people who have power and money. They show their status and wealth. They only care about themselves and dont care anybody else. Socialists are people who care about everybody not just themselves. They are unselfish and believe in welfare of others. Above all Priestley uses one of the main characters, Inspector Goole as a strong mouthpiece to represent his own values, morals and beliefs and sends this message to his audience. The message is that people should not be split into different classes or treated differently as all people are off equal importance and have rights and responsibilities, regardless of the amount of money that they have. Priestley uses Inspector Goole to convey this message, stating in act three, page 56 that:- We are responsible of each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn this lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This is exactly what happened because in 1914, two years after the play was set, First World War started, this was the result of assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir to throne in Sarajevo by a Serbian student. Income tax doubled to pay for the war which was costing i 1million daily. Priestley wants the world to be full of peace, love and forgiveness. Priestley shows that the Birling family are capitalists and have great wealth in a number of ways. For example their house is described as The dining-room of a fairly large suburban house, belonging to a prosperous manufacturer. It has good solid furniture of the period. The general effect is substantial and heavily comfortable, but not Cosy and homelike. This is evidenced in act one, page 1 at the start of the play. They also have a made called Edna. This shows that they belong to a wealthy family and they can afford a maid.

Article Nisarg Essay Example for Free

Article Nisarg Essay SME stands for Small and Midsize enterprises. The definition defers from country to country. A business that maintains its revenue or employees below a certain standard is called an SME. The European definition for SMEs is â€Å"The businesses which have less than 250 employees and the annual revenue is less than 50 million euro (or annual balance sheet total less than 43 million euro) are called SMEs.† India has defined SMEs under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006. It says for a small sized enterprise the investment in plant and machinery should be between 25 lakh and 5 crore and for a medium sized enterprise it should be minimum 5 crore and should not exceed 10 crore. This definition is applicable to the enterprises which are in manufacturing sector. For the enterprises which render services, if the investment is between 10 lakh to 2 crore they are called small sized and if the investment is between 2 crore to 5 crore they are called medium sized enterprises. The SME sector has been of prime importance for India as it involves less capital investment and is highly labour intensive. It boasts of being second highest in providing employment and contributes to our goal of inclusive growth and equal distribution of resources. SMEs prompts private ownership, instils entrepreneur skills in the youth and establishes powerful market supply chain. The report published by Ministry of Small and Midsize Enterprise says around 45% of the total output and 40% of the total export of the country comes from SMEs by employing 106.1 million people over 26 million units in 2013. It contributes around 22% to the nation’s GDP. Now instead of discussing the past the immense potential ahead prompts me to throw some more lights on future of SMEs and how India can fulfil its â€Å"Make in India† dream through it. Now in the world of cut throat competition it is  very important that we use all the technological resources we have. The next generation is to be driven by innovations and technology. The initial development in our SME sector was the result of the government policy of promotion and protection of small business units. But now after 1991 reforms and in the era of globalization the small business units are open to extensive competition from small and big giants all over the world. Therefore it has become essential that India shifts from technology transfer to technology innovation. The recent research work published by BCG says if Indian SMEs adopt latest IT tools they could generate additional revenue of $56 billion and can add 1.1 million jobs. One such tool is cloud computing which has changed the way IT solutions are being delivered. Cloud computing can provide cheaper solutions as it adopts pay per use policy. It reduces total operation cost and total cost of ownership by alleviating the risk for the cash strapped SMEs. The cloud facility enables secure storage and transfer of data. As the maintenance and software up gradation is taken care by the service provider it saves the company’s time and resources. To improve our supply chain further we can use computerized tracking and shipping devices along with electronic billing systems. There are plenty of supply chain related mobile apps like MCSA, Mobile TMS applications, Mobile Solutions by SAP and Oracle products. With barcode scanning, speech recognition features, high quality digital cameras and other auto run instruments provide high class warehouse functioning. Let me give an example to exhibit that. John Deere used SmartOps software platform and helped equipment supplier increase it’s on time shipments dealers from 63% to 92%, while reducing inventory by nearly $1 billion. Here one more thing to note is that we are in 21st century but our electric grid is a 20th century structure. It is highly inefficient and may breakdown any time. In 2003 we observed east-coast wide black out in India. The first step to resolve the issue can be the use of Smart Meters. It can relay a range of information about electricity usage, can give utility and customers alike a real time picture of how much power they are using at any point in time. The electricity can be used efficiently at time when the overall demand is low and the meter helps in doing that. By doing so we are smoothing the demand curves of power plants and utilizing the current power plants fully instead  of establishing the new ones. Apart from that the SMEs can use technology to market their products on social media. There are many cost effective tools available like websites, blogs, emails etc. One of the most popular and heavily used such tool is Facebook. It provides facility of flexible budgeting and provision to target a highly specific audience as shown below. Along with all the benefits that we extract from our SMEs we must ensure that we don’t harm our environment and use green technology as much as we can. The e-waste produced by the enterprises have to be managed properly. CloudBlue, based in New Jersey, helps tech companies process their e-waste on the site as well. So in nutshell technology is the answer to the question posed by the harmful effects produced by the technology. Hence I think India must keep including SMEs in its five year plans and should highly focus on the use of technology and innovation to develop this sector. We must use our executive wing to make time to time reforms. If taken as national goal I am confident our poor and middle class will surely come out of mediocrity and contribute to the development of the nation and we will be able to drive this third global cycle of development along with China. References: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/smallandmidsizeenterprises.asp msme.gov.in www.google.com www.facebook.com

Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs

Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs Orems theory: Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs. Throughout her work, she interprets the concepts of human beings, health, nursing and society and has defined 3 steps of nursing process. It has a broad scope in clinical practice and to lesser extent in research, education and administration. Orems theory describes how patients self -care needs will be met by nurse, the patient or both. This theory includes Self-care: practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well being; self care agency is a human ability which is the ability for engaging in self care -conditioned by age developmental state, life experience socio-cultural orientation health and available resources, Therapeutic self-care demand: totality of self care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions, and Self -care requisites: action directed towards provision of self-care. 2) Roys theory: His theory is evolved from mental imagery of what nursing is, who the nursing client is, and what the goal of nursing is. He systematically developed theoretical propositions to promote research projects. Propositions were based on neurological and biological sciences. The goal of nursing is to help person adapt the changes 3) Nightingale: Florence Nightingale  (1820-1910), considered The founder of educated and scientific and widely known as The Lady with the Lamp wrote the first nursing notes that became the basis of nursing practice and research. In environmental effects she stated in her nursing notes that nursing is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery Nightingale 1860/1969 that it involves the nurses initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patients health, and that external factors associated with the patients surroundings affect life or biologic and physiologic processes, and his development. B) CREATE A TIMELINE WHEN THESE THEORIES WERE DEVELOPED. Ans b. 1) Orems Nursing: Concept of Practice was first published in 1971 and subsequently in 1980, 1985, 1991, 1995, and 2001.Continues to develop her theory after her retirement in 1984. 2) Roys theory was developed from 1976-1981. 3) Nightingales theory was developed between 1820-1910. Q2) UNDERSTANDING OF HEATH CARE TEAM. RESEARCH THE VARIOUS HEALTHCARE TEAM MEMBERS AND DISCUSS THEIR ROLE IN PATIENT MANAGEMENT Doctors: they have in common is a high level of autonomy in practice and a commensurate level of responsibility. Nurses and nursing staff: The people in this group provide direct, hands-on patient care, most often carrying out doctors orders but also initiating care based on their own clinical judgment and observation at the patients bedside. They provide near continuous monitoring of a patients progress and response to treatment and have a strong tradition of patient advocacy. Other Direct care providers: The people in this group provide direct patient care in particular settings or areas of medicine. Some function as physician extenders and practice in settings and areas of medicine as diverse as physicians do. Therapists: The people in this group provide direct patient care in specialized areas, usually at the request of primary caregivers. Some concentrate on helping patients regain or retain their ability to function with respect to daily activities while others provide therapy to patients with problems in specific areas (Respiratory Therapists, Speech-Language Pathologists). Care and Psychosocial Support Coordinators: The people in this group assist patients and caregivers with the coordination of the complex and variable range of services that may be required for patients and their families. Some deal primarily with logistical issues, continuity of care, post-discharge support and resources, and financial issues. Others address spiritual needs and support or complex issues involving difficult ethical decisions. Diagnostic Technologists: The people in this group provide technical services in support of diagnostic or therapeutic aspects of patient management. Some are primarily involved in collecting and analyzing biological patient samples, while others are involved in gathering diagnostic data (images) and carrying out treatment protocols. Administrators and information managers: The people in this group are not involved in hands-on patient care but provide critical resources to ensure the smooth operation of the health care team. Some have responsibility for the overall operation of a hospital or institution some provide or process the gamut of information necessary to ensure efficient and safe patient management, and others ensure the security of the physical facility (Hospital Security Officers) or work to minimize the liability of the institution. Other support staff: The people in this group provide a variety of services. Some are in direct contact with patients, often assisting them as they move through the processes involved in accessing and interacting with the healthcare system. Others provide services primarily to other members of the health care team. B) CASE STUDY 1   Ansb. Case study 1: I would suggests the best way to solve Rebeccas case would be to let the doctors know about the situation, and the dieticians can be very much helpful in this case. Q3 ENROLLED NURSE CAREER Ans3. A) ENROLLED NURSE WORK IN A VARIETY OF HEALTH CARE SETTINGS, RESEARCH AND DISCUSS SOME OF THE CAREER PATHWAYS OPEN TO ENROLLED NURSES. ANS A) Rest haven acknowledges that the continued provision of quality service to residents and clients is underpinned by appropriately trained and skilled staff. Enrolled nurse can work as midwifery, in mental health dept., in aged care, NT public sector nursing and midwifery. B) THERE ARE SEVERAL PROFFESIONAL BODIES THAT NURSES MAY JOIN AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONS WE MUST BE APART OF, DISCUSS THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF THESE PROFESSIONAL BODIES. ANS B) Enrolled Nurses can find work with a variety of organizations including hospital wards or operating theatres, GP surgeries, nursing homes, community health centers, aged care services, private homes, schools, ambulance service, the Red Cross, emergency aid or even a combination of these. Health industry / health focused business settings: University, vocational, and school educational settings Maternity / Birthing facilities. Acute care and Day Surgery hospitals (adults and Children) As a casual flight nurse. C) THROUGHOUT OUR CAREER WE ALL ARE EXPOSED TO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL. WHAT IS THIS PROCESS AND WHY ISIT IMPORTANT TO OUR CAREER DELIVERY? ANS C) In the early 1980s performance appraisal was redirected from issues related to the development of psychometrically sound rating scaled to those involving the cognitive processes of raters (Landy and Farr 1980, Feldman 1981). Since that time several reviews have attempted to translate principles from social cognition and cognitive psychology to the specific conditions of formal appraisal systems in work-oriented organizations. The review is structured around a 3 stag process model of gathering, storing and retrieving information about social stimuli for the purpose of rating performance. Factors affecting this process are clustered into four categories: appraisal settings, rates, raters and the nature of scales used for the appraisal. Once reviewed, the research is evaluated in terms of its contributions to improving the quality of appraisal systems as they are used in organizations (Janet L, Daniel R, David B 1980) Q4 NURSING CARE A) RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING METHODS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY; WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF EACH TYPE OF CARE DELIVERY? Ans A) 1) Functional nursing care: This model is also referred to as the Task Method, and for good reason. Functional nursing evolved during the Depression when RNS went from being private practitioners to becoming employees for the purposes of job security. Once WWII broke out, however, nurses left to care for the soldiers, which left the hospitals short-staffed. To accommodate this shortage, hospitals increased their use of ancillary personnel. For efficiency, nursing was essentially divided into tasks, a model that proved very beneficial when staffing was poor. The key idea was for nurses to be assigned to TASKS, not to patients. For example, one nurse would be responsible for all the treatments, another nurse for all the medications, and so on. Advantages: A very efficient way to delivery care. Could accomplish a lot of tasks in a small amount of time Staff did what only they were capable to do: no extraneous work was added that could be done by assertive personnel. Disadvantages: Care of persons became fragmented Patients did not have one identifiable nurse and the nurse had no accountability. Very narrow scope of practice for RNS Lead to patient and nurse dissatisfaction 2) Team Nursing: Advantages: 1. High quality comprehensive care can be Provided despite a relatively high proportion of ancillary staff. 2. Each member of the team is able to participate in decision-making and problem solving. 3. Each team member is able to contribute his or her own special expertise or skills in caring for the patient. 4. Improved patient satisfaction. 5. Organizational decision making occurring at the lower level. 6. Cost-effective system because it works with expected ratio of unlicensed to licensed personnel. 7. Team nursing is an effective method of patient care delivery and has been used in most inpatient and outpatient health care settings. Disadvantages: 1. Establishing a team concept takes time, effort and constancy of personnel. Merely assigning people to a group does not make them a group or team. 2. Unstable staffing pattern make team nursing difficult. 3. All personnel must be client centered. 4. There is less individual responsibility and independence regarding nursing functions. 5. Continuity of care may suffer if the daily team assignments vary and the patient is confronted with many different caregivers. 6. The team leader may not have the leadership skills required to effectively direct the team and create a team spirit. 7. Insufficient time for care planning and communication may lead to unclear goals. Therefore responsibilities and care may become fragmented (Marquis and Huston, 2003). 3) Client Assignment: Client assignment or total patient care method is the oldest way of providing care to a patient .In this one nurse provides total care for one patient during the entire work period. This method was used during Florence nightingale era. Care includes fulfilling the needs of whole family as well as cooking and cleaning (Nelson, 2000). Advantages:- The patient receives consistent care from one nurse and this helps in developing mutual trust between patient, nurse and family. This method of caring is comprehensive, continuous and holistic. Disadvantages: In todays healthcare economy it proves to be very expensive. It requires highly qualified and skilled nurses but during the times of nursing shortages there are not enough resources or nurses to use this model. This care delivery requires total patient care, such as assessment and teaching the patient and family, as well as the less functional aspects of care. 4) Primary Nursing: Primary nursing was developed in the 1980s by Marie Manthey and the hallmark of this model is that one nurse cares for one group of patients with 24 hour accountability for planning their care. In other words, a Primary Nurse (PN) cares for her primary patients every time she works and for as long as the patient remains on her unit. An Associate Nurse cares for the patient in the PNs absence and follows the Primary nursing individualized plan of care. This is a decentralized delivery model: more responsibility and authority is placed with each staff nurse. It has been debated whether PN is a cost-effective model. Some say it is because the RN has all the skills necessary to move the patient through the health care system quickly. Others say it is not cost effective because RNS spend time doing things that other, less expensive employees can do. Advantages: Increased satisfaction for patients and nurses More professional system: RN plans and communicates with all disciplines. RNs are seen as more knowledgeable and responsible. RNs more satisfied because they continue to learn as a function of the in-depth care they are required to deliver. Disadvantages: Intimidating for new graduates who are less skilled and knowledgeable Where do we get all these RNS during times of shortage? B) WHEN DELEVERING AGE CARE, GENDER, RELIGION AND CULTURE OF OUR CLIENT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A NURSING ACTIVITY MAY NEED TO BE ADJUSTED TO MEET DIFFERENT NEEDS IN RELATION TO THIS. AnsB.   Nurses need a pragmatic approach to the culture of clients that is flexible enough to take multiple scenarios into account. The very first step is to understand the concept of diversity. In this discussion, diversity is an inclusive concept that embraces not only ethnic groups and people of color, but also other marginal or vulnerable people in society. These groups are included because they experience discrimination based on their lifestyle choices, e.g., sexual preference, or their socioeconomic status, e.g., the poor, the handicapped. Several theoretical models for cultural assessment are available. Leininger (1991), Giger and Davidhizer (1995) and Campinha-Bacote (1994) developed three of the most widely used models. The Leininger model is an expansive systems approach to achieving cultural understanding. She identifies the cultural content categories as educational, economic, political, legal, kinship, religious, philosophical, and technological. Giger and Davidhizer propose tha t nursing consider the following phenomena for their cultural importance: communication; space; time; environmental control; biologic variations; and social organization. The Campinha-Bacote model views cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, and cultural encounters as components of cultural competence in nursing care delivery. Nursing literature also offers many data collection tools that were devised to create a profile of clients from other cultures and to specify how associated behavior influence the biological, psychological and sociological dimensions of health. However, integrating these theoretical models and assessment tools into the actual practice of nursing continues to be an evolving process. The most basic assumption is that there is a point of convergence where people enjoy sameness before differences cause divergence. This sameness or common core is largely an outgrowth of the universal need of all people to be treated with respect. The ability of the nurse to accept the need of all persons to be treated with respect is predicated on awareness of the interaction of three cultures. First, it begins with our personal selves as cultural entities. Every nurse brings two cultures into the relationship with clients. First, the qualities and characteristics of personal culture are key determinants of personal and professional behavior. Second, and equally important is recognizing that the health care delivery system, which the nurse represents and helps the client and family to access, is also a separate and unique culture. Both of these cultures-that of the nurse and of the health care system- must strike a balance with a thirdthe culture of the client. Ignoring any of these entities creates barriers to the achievement of positive, productive, and caring nurse -client relationship.   Nurses care for the whole person. If nursing care is truly holistic, then culture must be an integral part of the nursing process. Culturally competent care is achieved when individualized care includes a complementary and harmonious blend of the patients beliefs, attitudes and values, with Western health care practices (Murray Atkinson, 2000). The nursing process is the primary tool for critical thinking. It facilitates decision-making and is a deliberative, systematic method of care planning for individuals, families, and communities.   C) CASE STUDY 2 Ans c. As a nurse we should maintain the confidentiality as well as duty of care towards our client. In this case if we report this we breach the clients confidentiality or privacy. Most of the organizations have internal reporting protocol, in this case the nurse should report to the appropriate person within the organization. This is called internal duty of care but theres also external duty of care as well. Having reported internally and if that person would report it externally then even it breaches the confidentiality of the client. If the client doesnt want to let the nurse report internally also even then it breaches his confidentiality. Duty of care is a balancing between your duty to that person and that persons rights. But at last keeping Jones uncomfortable during his sons visit all the time its better to do something for him rather than doing nothing. Because to be sued for negligence is worse than being sued for a breach of confidentiality. Thus in this case its better t o report the concerned RN within organization but at same time it should not be reported externally by RN. This satisfies the duty of care as well as confidentiality. (Brian Herd, Carne Reidy Herd) Q5) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE ANS A) A great and increasing challenge facing all practitioners, regardless of their discipline or background, is how to keep abreast of new research findings. All clinicians would like to think that they are following best practice and that their practice is based on evidence. However, evidence-based practice means more than practicing with an awareness of research evidence. A widely accepted definition of evidence-based medicine is a conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about individual patients (Sackett et al, 1996). Ensuring that nurses can practice according to the philosophical underpinnings of their profession is recognized as an important factor in job satisfaction and hence is critical to retention and recruitment of the nursing workforce (Baumann et al. 2001). Employers share responsibility with nurses, professional associations and others for promoting environments that support quality professional practice (Canadian Nurse s Association 2001). The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency Ltd (the Agency) was established in October 1997 and appointed as the accreditation body under the  Aged Care Act 1997  (the Act) owned by Australian government. The Accreditation Grant Principles 1999 require the Agency to carry out regular supervision of accredited residential aged care homes to monitor their compliance with the Accreditation Standards and other responsibilities under the Act; and to assist residential aged care homes to undertake a process of continuous improvement. Improvements have occurred in the provision of care and services since the commencement of accreditation. There have been three major rounds of comprehensive accreditation assessment since September 1999. In an industry comprising more than 2,800 residential aged care homes nationally, during the last round (July 2005 to December 2006), 91.8% of residential aged care homes were assessed as being fully compliant with all 44 expected outcomes of the Ac creditation Standards. That is an improvement from an already outstanding 87.9% three years earlier, and a sharp improvement compared with 63.5% in 2000.

Frank Sinatra Essays -- Essays Papers

Frank Sinatra Howard Cosell, a legendary commentator, spoke words about this legendary man that more or less sums up his legendary career. He said "Frank Sinatra, who has the phrasing, who has the control, who understands the composers, who knows what losing means as so many have, who made the great comeback, who stands still, enduringly, on top of the entertainment world. Ladies and gentlemen, from here on in it's Frank Sinatra!" Frank Sinatra, the only singer in history to have hit records in five consecutive decades, led a lot more distinctive life than people were led to believe. It all began December 12, 1915, when a boy named Francis Albert Sinatra was brought into the world. He was the son of Dolly and Anthony Sinatra, a pair of Italian immigrants. He was born and raised in Hoboken, New Jersey where he spent his teenage years unloading trucks for the Jersey Observer newspaper. He then became a copy boy where he found a passion to strive for, journalism. However, the editor at the newspaper said, â€Å"copy boys don’t know enough to be reporters.† So, Sinatra went to secretarial school. He studied English, typing, and shorthand. The newspaper’s editor eventually promoted him to cub sports reporter After achieving his goal to be a journalist, Frank had another passion to strive for, singing. In his spare time, Sinatra appeared in on Major Bowes Amateur Hour, which was a popular radio talent show back in the day. Frank had never been taught to sing he taught himself. He was a natural. So the head of the Major Bowes Amateur Hour promoted Frank. For $25 a week he sang, waited tables, was the master of ceremonies, and a comedian at The Rustic Cabin. In 1939 a man by the name of Harry James discovered Frank while visiting The Rustic Cabin. He immediately signed Frank to sing for his new swing band. After touring with Harry James, Frank started to sing for with Tommy Dorsey’s Orchestra. After recording more than 90 songs with them, Frank moved on. He then moved to the popular radio show The Lucky Strike Hit Parade, where he worked as the MC. Frankie was a hit! Everyone loved him. He was the first teen model the country had ever seen. Amazingly enough, he almost caused a near riot at New York’s Paramount Theater in 1944.He then signed a contract with Columbia Records in 1943 and left in 1952. So in 1953 he signed another contrac... ... a severe tragedy, a heart attack. It was the first heart attack Frank had ever had. For the next couple years Frank had not been seen in public. In 1998, Frank was back in the news. Unfortunately, it was about Frank’s Health. Sinatra had died of a heart attack at age 82 on May 14. The nation was astounded. This was the biggest music celebrity news since TuPac’s death. News channels everywhere interrupting their broadcasts for this special bulletin. The first teen idol that the country had ever seen was dead. The most ingenious singer the country had ever seen was dead. It was the second time the music had died. His life has touched the world and has forever changed the art of singing, as we know it. Works Cited William, Dean. â€Å"Sinatra, Frank.† Internet. March 14 2000. Available WWW.http://articles.eb.com. Schoemer, Karen. â€Å"The Kid from Hoboken.† Newsweek. May 25 1998: 57. â€Å"Sinatra, Frank.† Internet. March 14 2000. Available WWW. http://search.biography.com. Wilson, Jeff. â€Å"Sinatra outspoken†. Internet. March 14 2000. Available WWW http://www.nj.com. â€Å"Sinatra, Frank†. The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 17 S-Sn. World Book Inc. 93’.

Essay --

The novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini, is well written and a must read for teenagers across America. This novel mainly focuses on the treatment of women and the friendship of women in Afghanistan, and is relatable to many women, mainly in the Middle East. The book takes the reader through the tough lives of two women, Mariam and Laila. These two women have grown up in different environments and were treated very differently from each other. This book shows the unity and strength of two women who stand against their abusive husband and every obstacle they come face to face with. The book starts off in a poor village where Mariam lives with her mother, Nana. Her father, Jalil, is a very wealthy man from Herat who visits her once a week. Since Mariam was born, her mother has always called her names. Nana constantly told her she was a worthless bastard because her father had an affair with his servant, who was Nana at the time. After Nana found out she was pregnant, Jalil and his three wives kicked her out, as it would hurt their reputation. Since Mariam is a girl, no one saw any value in her. Mariam soon learns the truth after she sneaks off to her father’s house to meet him despite her mother’s wishes. At her father’s house she is told to go home as her father is away on a business trip. Mariam refuses to leave and is forced to sleep outside, poorly treated. In the morning, she goes to the yard and sees Jalil’s face in the window, shocked to understand her mother was right all along. When Mariam returns home to apologize to Nana, she finds her dead body hanging. After her mother’s death, Jalil and his three wives force fifteen year old Mariam to marry forty-five year old shoemaker, Rasheed. Years passed in their ma... ... much as its men. He was a teacher before the war so he taught Laila at home as well. Although Laila was educated and Mariam was not, the respect they both had for each other was equal. This novel has a very powerful message for men and women. One gender should not dominate over the other. Equality is important for stability in every relationship and every country. The importance of women should be recognized and this novel briefly shows the power of unity and strength. Men and woman both have different roles, and both should equally have their share in society. The novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns is a must read for everyone across the country and share the message. Many women in different countries do not have value and are living life in misery. Women’s rights are worth fighting for and Khaled Hosseini did a marvelous job with displaying this story to the readers.

How Students Choose ESL Writing Assessment Prompts :: Teaching Education Writing Essays

How Students Choose ESL Writing Assessment Prompts This article, reporting on the research done by Margo Glew and Charlene Polio of Michigan State University, examines writing assessment in a different way than most research on the topic. The goal of this research was to look into how an ESL student chooses prompts for a writing exam when offered a choice. Polio and Glew not only investigate how they choose, but how long it takes each student to choose and if they should even be given a choice at all. There are numerous suggestions through research that provide possible answers to the questions at hand. Some say students tend to choose shorter questions, or questions placed first or second on the list. This research was inconclusive however. Polio and Glew argue that â€Å"the primary reason for offering students a choice of prompts is the belief that students should be allowed to choose a prompt that will enable them to display their best writing† (37). This applies especially to ESL students who come from a much larger variety of backgrounds than to regular English students. However, â€Å"there is no evidence that when students choose a prompt, they choose one that allows them to display their best writing skills† (38). It is also pointed out though, that giving choices decreases reliability, adding to the already difficult process of fairly scoring written tests. Some even think that choosing wastes time. The researchers thought that looking at how the students chose a prompt might shed light on whether or not they should have a choice. They used 26 students and through testing, video taping and interviewing, they found that most students looked at all prompts before choosing and that 21 out of 26 students choose their topic in under two minutes. â€Å"The median time before students began writing was less than 60 seconds, with a range of 18 to 182 seconds.† (42). Out of all 26 students, only one student started writing with one prompt and started over with a second. Through the interviews they discovered that 22 students chose a prompt based on â€Å"perceived familiarity or background knowledge.† Proving true that having a choice should increase their ability to display their best writing proving false the idea that having a choice is a waste of time.

Beer and Man Brewing Company Essay

Mountain Man Brewing Company was established in 1925, and since then has come to be known as â€Å"West Virginia’s Beer†. In 2005, despite a 2% drop in annual sales they sold approximately 520,000 barrels and reported revenue close to $50,000,000. Mountain Man Brewing Company’s average consumer is male, above the age of 45 and typically in the middle-to-lower income bracket. With a small number of Mountain Man Brewing Company’s consumers making up a large percent of their sales, it is important for the company to appeal to that small number of consumers, and ensure they are satisfaction to their brand loyal. Competition: Recently, the state of West Virginia repealed the arcane law; allowing retail stores to sell beer at discount prices. This creates pressure on old school regional breweries, like Mountain Man Brewery Company, to try and compete with the â€Å"top-dogs† of the industry. Future of the Beer Industry: As beer sales are not largely affected by economic downturns, Sales are however, affected by change in consumer (taste) demand. Current demand: In 2005 light beer accounted for over 50% of total beer sales; putting pressure on Mountain Man Brewery to introduce a light beer line into the market ( or make some other change), in order to remain profitable. Financial Assumptions 1) Mountain Man Brewing Company will only be able to achieve .15% of the light beer industry market share. 2) Mountain Man Brewing Company will spend $1,500,000 on advertising their new light beer in their first year. 3) In association with producing a light beer, Mountain Man Brewing Company will have an additional $69,000 in fixed expenses per year. 4) Mountain Man Brewing Company will be able to sell their light beer at $0.29 per bottle. 5) Mountain Man Light will not erode sales of Mountain Man Lager anytime in the near future. 6) All else will be help comparable to the current capital structure of Mountain Man Brewing Company.

Dove’s campaign for real beauty Essay

Introduction and Problem State man personneltUnilever, with annual revenues of slightly $50 billion and a staff of 250,000, ranks among the worlds largest companies in consumer products. One of its around famous labels is the individualised c be carry come down. In an endeavour to reposition the tick off and rid it from its conservativist forecast, in 2004, squab launched its radic both(prenominal)y hot Campaign for actually watcher. In-ho practice consumer interrogation had revealed study insecurities among women cont playing their physical appearance. Hardly whatsoever womanly considered herself to apply up with the standards depict in regular kayo advertizement.establish on these findings, go down redefined viewer in a way that had been ignored by otherwise players before. Targeting women aged 30 to 39, the con severalises purpose was to show unfeigned female lulu, reflected in distinguishable shapes, sizes and ages. The amount message was No models but theatre curves. The consort received enormous vigilance sales of fall- mailed products nearly quadrupled and market overlap make upd signifi jackpottly in various(a) core markets. (for shape up teaching disport refer to 5.1).Nevertheless, after this great achiever and image shift, plunges major sucker management challenge for the future(a) year is how to continue the onward motional driving force.The business post on that pointfrom be formulate a followsWhat should dive do to form for the re-launch of come down witness products to the next aim and masteryfully keeping this warlike favour for global use over eon? elections1. ersatz A Reap the benefits of pose aw atomic number 18nessOne possibility for come down is to seize the opportunity of blue collapse awargonness to propose the brand and figure young target markets while nearlyly continuingwith the womens selling mix. A peach care disceptation for middle-aged men would be lay outd, as this separate is non hearty explored by competitors insofar and, age-wise, goes in line with the stream female target. Products would connect the moisturizing and mild benefit with attributes equivalent energetic and self confident. Regarding advertisement, this would be communicated using natural, average males and thus wait with the Real Beauty paradigm. However, it is assumed that men are less pr bingle to be self-conscious some their looks. Therefore, perceptions would be assessed in further studies and advertising messages focused on the issues regarded as most critical.2. preference B Continue to evolveWith the on-line(prenominal) advantage of the campaign, it capability in whatever case be sensitive non to introduce significant trades. The topic would thus be to but extend the brand communicating and promotion for dickens aspects To give consumers some sunrise(prenominal) insights and keep them excited, advertisements would not me blaspheme depi ct happy, normal women. They would now a analogous allow in storytelling, wake how average womens self-confidence helps them in distinguishable situations ( much(prenominal) as job interviews or dates). Additionally, Dove products would be featured to a greater extent than prominently in these advertisements. Their connection to Real Beauty and self-esteem would be communicated much intelligibly by sho cajoleg the women use Dove products prior to making a confident experience.3. secondary C Its all in the product eyesight how the prevalent image in the sweetie industry is notwithstanding one of perfection, Dove might be well-advised to allow for the possibility that identifying with imperfect women loses its appeal to the customer base. Without returning to classic beauty models, the brand could hence decide on detaching the products from eubstance images al unneurotic. The self-esteem topic would still be key, but the of substance focus lies on the product. For man akin, women would no longer be shown in campaigns, but merely conclusiveness-ups of strip down and the products advancement as well as ingredients themselves.Issues4. How liberal is it for competitors to imitate the outline? With Doves focus on Real beauty seeing much(prenominal) great success, it is likely forcompetitors to try and get their piece of the ginmill by imitating Doves strategy. When utilizing a more(prenominal) product-focused strategy, communication will preferably be on brand attributes than on the brand image that has successfully been established. As attributes are easier to copy and, consequently, convey, preference C runs at a respectively high attempt of being imitated. For ersatz A, as on that point will be a stark naked target group to win over, competition is possible to be atrocious from beauty brands that already enjoy a high standing among the relevant consumers (e.g. Gillette). Alternative B builds the most on the accepted communica tion strategy, where Dove is well-established and simply call for to keep consumers interested in graze to reap its first- apparent movementr benefits.5. In how far are ongoing brand associations held up?As Doves Real Beauty campaign was exclusively focused on women, it might be hard to prolong the brand associations to fit the clean consumer element targeted by the portfolio extension (i.e. men). As a consequence, prospective customers could experience difficulty identifying with the brand, whereas actual customers could perceive brand values as just nearly diluted by the vernal attributes. Alternative B will unfastenedly remain the most consistent with the current image utility(a) C, on the other hand, runs at a happen of not diluting but rather reducing the brand image by taking external its human dimension. On top of this goes the accompaniment that it is harder to convey brand values when they are not placed in a reference frame (e.g. that of curvy women enjoying themselves). season the core message and self-esteem concern will still be pursued, losing the marge of directly opposing competitive clich images might harm the brands credibility.6. bequeath consumers in the long run dare the attraction of idealized advertising? Although the move outside from idealized models has brought Dove high brand awareness and appealed to many women, it is enigmatical whether consumers will not fall spinal column into their learned habits of trying to become more perfect. The consequence would be that they are over again attracted by competitors. As explained above, resource C would somewhat prepare for that backward shift. Alternative A, with going into a new target, still has some way for maneuver to introduce slight changes back towards higheridealization. Alternative B, however, is whole tied to alternative beauty models and thus most exposed to the risk of backward-changing consumer preferences.ConclusionThe brand management delivers a const rained budget, which makes conducting a combination of these alternatives unfeasible, at least in the short and strong suit run. The task is hence to select the one most promising alternative.Addressing the issue of sustaining a unique positioning first, it is clear that alternative C provides the least protection against emulator behavior of competitors as it even partly abandons the original concept and thus leaves more space for the rivals to overly associate their brands with attributes such as genuineness or sincerity. Similarly, alternative A opens a window for delusive even though it is, arguably, not likely to happen, as the market for mens personal care is not as profitable as to allow rivals to simply establish themselves as followers in this way. Under alternative B, Dove further elabo place on its positioning which is deeply ingrain in the melodic themes of customers, thus rendering sour by competitors especially hard and wherefore unlikely.As already mentione d, the question of compatibility of the current brand with mens learning ability is questionable. Even though, option A does not gestate to necessarily alienate the current target group, provided the advertising message is adapted seamlessly and promotes the idea that real beauty comes unheeding of sex as it comes regardless of age, ethnicity or shape. Alternative B stays close to the message and does not pose a little terror in this regard. Alternative C, however, moves away from the concept, producing incongruity in spite of appearance the brand image. This position, together with the previous issue, makes alternative C severely undermine the strategy that Dove has been sideline and we hence drop it from subsequent discussion.Regarding the risk that good deal regress to their old habits of followers an idealized concept of beauty, alternative B fares better than alternative A. While not reverting to the standard approach to shape advertising, thestorytelling technique expands the consumers understanding of the issues and leads them to process the brands benefits more consciously. This should, in turn, debar the customers inclination towards idealized images in advertising. In this regard, Dove might be worsened off under alternative A, as a positioning for two partly distinct target groups can go down the degree to which each of them associates themselves with the brand.Also alternative B is a mere organic evolution of the current campaign. From an economic point of view, the fact that the target segment remains the aforesaid(prenominal), the future returns are severely limited. Albeit option A is associated with a higher risk, it has to be cerebrate that a successful implementation would in addition enable Dove to unlock a whole new market, making this resource more appealing.The final decision amongst the two options is difficult. While being somewhat weaker on the side of economic potential, alternative B ultimately outperforms alterna tive A in regard to other issues. higher(prenominal) revenues can still be do by expanding geographically, while the image of necessity to be adapted to fully oscillate with the customers. Yet, these alternatives are mutually exclusive notwithstanding to the extent of the disposable funds. Alternative A might hence very well be the logical extension of Doves efforts and the natural next graduation for a phase 3 of its brand relaunch.Additionally, several other factors should be interpreted into account, such as a possible conflict with other Unilever brands, such as Axe/Lynx. These inconsistencies should be countered with a clear positioning in non-overlapping segments and appropriate PR measures. Also the global dimension of the decision should be kept in mind and the campaign continuously adapted to local anesthetic circumstances in order to ostentation a high level of fidelity, which is completely crucial if the brand is to sustain its image. Provided Dove manages to avoid p itfalls as these, the brand is outstrip off by evolving its brand communication to further curb female insecurities about themselves while sustaining the link between the image the brand evokes and the products. (For further specific pleas refer to 5).Appendix7. The party and campaignDove was originally developed in the United States as a non-irritating undress cleaner for pre-treatment use on burn and wounds during WWII. Nowadays, Dove products are available in more than 35 countries, generating revenues of $3 billion. The Dove product line includes body washes, beauty bars, deodorants, hair and facial care products and lotions. before Dove set up the marketing strategy, they wanted to understand the relationship of women to beauty, without a special focus on any beauty care products. Therefore the go with charged a global interrogation firm, StrategyOne to conduct a research study. Hence, StrategyOne surveyed 3,200 women from some the world. The result of the survey showe d a round-eyed disparity between the ideal of beauty pictured in the media and the perception by women themselves. Based on this report, the company redefined beauty in a way that all competitors have ignored. To launch a new campaign Dove used a new and unconventional ideal of beauty, thus they differ significantly from their main competitors.To strengthen the emotional ties to Doves target group, the brand and not the single products should be in the foreground. The campaign was launched to increase also revenues and to re-brand Dove. Therefore the advertising budget approximately accounted for $ 27 million in atomic number 63 alone. The Campaign for Real Beauty began in September 2004, when a website for beauty debates was established. The main target group was 30- to 30-year-old women who could identify with the new brand mission statement to make more women experience beautiful every day, by widening todays stereotypical view of beauty and enliven women to take great care of themselves. To maneuver the core message Doves ads contained no models, but firm curves.The promotion also showed a group of women of different ages, shapes and racial backgrounds that were just having a practiced time in bras and knickers. Therefore the models were chosen in a street clay sculpture to achieve a great toleration among the observers. Traditional television and magazine advertising was supported by outdoor ads, such as billboards, posters and signs. The results were dramatic, because the advertisement gained a capacious media coverage. The brand had a sophisticated image shift and is now described by adjectives like open, active and self-confident. Theturnaround was really striking. 12. PEST abbreviationpic depend 7 PEST synopsisPolitical factorsAs Unilever and then also Dove are globally acting brands, there are several governmental and legal factors that could influence the performance of the company. For example the political stability in different coun tries is not as stable as in Europe. Therefore a restless change in laws can occur, like the employment laws, health and safety laws, consumer laws etcetera It is also possible that new import tariffs are introduced. Hence, regarding thosechanges the costs for Dove could increase and the demand for the products could be reduced. economical factorsEconomic factors can have major tint on business and future decisions. Those factors include an economic downturn, volatile exchange rates and inflation rates in the direct countries. It is possible that Dove has to increase prices imputable to different circumstances like change magnitude ingredients price and therefore the demand for the products could decrease. tender factorsSocial factors as lifestyle and heathenish values vary from region to region. As Dove launched the unique campaign they have to be careful that they adapt it to the different cultural environments and lifestyles around the globe. But also brands have a great f ix on peoples lifestyle and can change it.Technological factorsTechnology is also needed for Doves success and competitive favour. This includes for example research and development activities and information technologies (with their interactive website). To maintain the competitive advantage being a moisturizing product, Dove has to rely on the technological progress and has to be a first mover.3. gatekeepers five forcespic realize 8 Porters five forcesThreat of new entrantsAs Dove had great success with their real beauty campaign there is a potential risk for new entrants. But Dove is one of the better brands over the world and competitors have to face that. They have an outstanding marketing strategy and high quality products. But barriers to inject the market are low threat of new entrants can therefore be rated as medium.Bargaining power of suppliersDove is a sub-brand of Unilever that as lots of suppliers over the world. Therefore Unilever as the parent company has power to influence the suppliers and switch them slow. So Dove has also a sort of pressure on their suppliers and can break up down prices and establish tight relationships with suppliers. Hence, dicker power of suppliers is low.Bargaining power of buyersAs there are many competitors deep down the industry, Doves customers can easily switch to another label. But the Dove brand stands for high-quality products and promotes real beauty in their campaigns so they rely on faithful consumers. However, you cannot only trust in the sustainability of the campaign in the long run, the bargaining power of buyer has to be rated high.Competitive emulation within the industryThe main competitors of Unilever are Procter & Gamble and Colgate-Palmolive, because their sub-brands are quite like to Dove. In the beauty industry there is verly little product differentiation and quasi(prenominal) product offerings, as well as little trade secrets. This leaves little room for competitive advantage, but D ove has of all time remained at number one, because of their loyal consumers and their moisturizing skin quality products. However, it is easily to switch to other high-end products and also to private label brands, therefore competitive rivalry is high in the operated industry.Threat of convert productsThere is a treat of replacing Dove products by competitors products, but people will endlessly need toiletries and therefore cannot easily substitute the line. They can only switch within the existing industry, but as people love Dove and their campaign there is just medium threat of its alternate with present products.9. Alternative/Issue burdenIssues Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Threat ofimpersonation 50 % - + - Brand consistency 30 % + - Ideals 20 % - + Table 2 Alternative/Issue WeightAs you can see from the alternative/issue burden table above, the threat of imitation is the most serious one. As only alternative B is to be forearmed against this risk it is the most desirable one. Also in line with brand consistency alternative B scores highest, followed by alternative A that would try to win over a new target group, but with the same values. Alternative C is the most promising one if it comes to societys ideals. As markers want to sell hope, this alternative would vie against the societys upcoming doubts about average, normal models. All in all, you can see that alternative B is collect to our table the most promising one.References Hips feel good Doves campaign for real beauty, Richard Ivey prepare of strain, Northeastern University, College of Business Administration, Canada, 2009 1 Adapted from Hips feel good Doves campaign for real beauty, Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009, p. 3ffFigure 1 Unilever logo, source http//www.greenerpackage.com/certifications/unilever_adopts_paper-sourcing_policy_meet_sustainability_goalsFigure 2 Dove logo, source http//quizbazaar.blogspot.co.at/2010/07/animal-logos-trivia-series-3.html,Figure 3 Hips feel good, source http//greatness-with-gumption.blogspot.co.at/2010/10/beauty-in-bottle-why- fall-can-kiss-my.htmlFigure 4 The campaign, source http//www.adverbox.com/ads/ plunk/Figure 6 The campaign, source http//www.adverbox.com/ads/ plunge/Figure 5 The campaign, source http//www.adverbox.com/ads/dove/

Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector

Collective Bargaining in the habitual arna Linda Howerton PHI 103 Informal Logic instructor Ms. T botha Martin October 22, 2012 ? Collective Bargaining in the frequent empyrean Union genus Phallusship is today at an whole time low. It has been steadily declining since the 1980s. Private arna legal jointure membership has been affected the well-nigh, while that of the public sector has remained relatively strong (Devinatz, 2011 Spring). globe operate oner concretions, oddly state and federal government inwardnesss, must be allowed to restrain to bargain embodiedly to break the responsibilitys and melodic phrase security of their members.Collective bargain allows pith members to affirm a part regarding their wages, benefits, and working conditions. According to Raymond Hogler, in the application practice of law Journal, Fall 2012, The erosion of institutions of joint bargain leave inevitably lead to a diminution of wages, benefits, and working conditions for workers (Hogler, p. 163). numerous public employees, in particular instructors who work for the state, receive much lower patch up than different professionals. Collective bargaining allows public employees a much needed assign about their airs, wages, and benefits.Whereas teachers, for instance, live lower liquidate than galore(postnominal) other professionals, collective bargaining has ensured that they have one of the best hideaway agreements. In addition, collective bargaining has protected teachers job tenure, thus preventing them from being fired without a re cede up to(p) process hearing and other protections. The need for unions were a direct result of the unfair labor practices engaged during the industrial Revolution beginning in the slowly 18th century and continuing on into the primeval 20th century.Since there were no labor laws initially, especially regarding nestling labor, women and children were ofttimes employed for vast hours at low wages. A t one time, women and children made up 75% of the factory work force since they could be leased for lower wages. Children proved much tensile and adapted more easily to the newer methods employed. Children as new as eight years old were send to work in the factories or in the mines where their littler bodies could fit into preposterous and often highly serious places (Bond, Gingerich, Archer-Antonson, Purcell, & Macklem, 2003).Children were also preferred at times to work in factories since their small hands could reach into tight places when moving separate became jammed. There were few safeguards in place to prevent the childrens hands and blazon from becoming maimed if caught between moving parts on a machine. During the late 1700s in England, a man named Slater employed a Pauper system whereby he substance abused children from poor families as workers in his mills. These children worked twelve to half dozenteen hours a day for six days a week.Instead of being p serve wa ges, these children accepted room and board, thereby alleviating the burden of feeding them from their families. Families of the children were scandalize at the tight discipline, lack of heat, and the working conditions in the mills. Many of the children chose to run away. When the employment of just children proved problematic, entire house submits were hired. The father negotiated the contract and stipulated the conditions for each family member (Tucker, 2005 May, p. 24). During the Industrial Revolution, government adopted a inactive or laissez-faire attitude towards business.Therefore, business owners could solve do their workers however they wished. Since children could be hired for less pay, they were hired in great numbers, working 12 to 14 hour days under horrible conditions. Many of these children became apprentices to the factory owners where they lived in miserable dormitories. They were frequently under-fed, ill-clothed, and get the better of with fist and whip. Th ere was a high oddment rate among child laborers (Hackett, 1992). Since all or most members of the family were working for upwards of eighteen hours daily, the family unit broke down.Childrens family contact usually amounted to the few hours spend at home sleeping. Since many families lived in overlap housing with other families, family units withered even further. Children current little or no fostering, were malnourished and sickly, and go through stunted growth. They grew up maladjusted since they had never been taught how to talenty behave. The living conditions were appalling with little or no sanitation. As a result, infant mortality skyrocketed during the Industrial Revolution over 50% of infants died before they eached both years of age (Bond, Gingerich, Archer-Antonson, Purcell, & Macklem, 2003). It is life-sizedly due to the shaky conditions, abuse of laborers, especially women and children, and the workers lack of a give tongue to over their employment that l abor unions first came into existence. The earliest unions were conventional as friendly societies that charged dues to be used to assist workers during unemployment or sickness. It wasnt long before they grew into organizations seeking to win remedyments for workers by the use of strikes and collective bargaining.Industrial workers increasingly became involved politically to hike up the passage of laws favorable to them. This drive by workers to accession their political power, as well as the justifiedly to vote, was largely responsible for the 19th century fete of democracy (Hackett, 1992). Today, labor unions seek to control the grant of labor. This control over the labor supply enables unions to unspoilt collective bargaining agreements that have brought millions of Americas workers into the middle class (Gitlow, 2012 Summer, p. 124).The fear of being nonpolar exerts psychological pressure on employers which can often serve as a check on their otherwise abusive and expl oitative inclinations (Gitlow, 2012 Summer). According to Givan and Hipp, in a 24 nations study of workers views about the qualification of unions, entitled Public Perceptions of Union Efficacy A Twenty-Four countrified Study, most laborers who belong to unions nip most positive about the ability of unions to improve working conditions and job security. Women tend to hold a more positive view than men of the cause of unions on job security.Women are generally more susceptible to various forms of workplace discrimination, which creates a greater need for the kind of protection provided by unions (Givan and Hipp, 2012 March, p. 25). therefore we can easily see the importance of unions for the protections they suggest workers regarding pay, working conditions, the make up to strike if necessary, and most especially, the right to jointly bargain. Unions and the right to jointly bargain are increasingly endangered across the United States.At to the lowest degree 17 states have passed legislation or have bills pending that would severely curtail the right of employees to collectively bargain (Rigiero, 2011 April). According to Deb Rigiero, in You are now entering the United Corporations of America, We are rapidly becoming the workplace of the past the workplace without natural rubber regulations the workplace without workers rights and the workplace without recognition of and appreciation for the worker (Rigiero, 2011 April, p. 14). Right to work (RTW) laws have been steadily corrosion workers rights for many years already.Over 22 states have passed RTW laws. The RTW laws arent there to guarantee workers the right to a job, merely are instead aimed at the unions abilities to collect dues to aid in administering the unions. Under RTW laws, it is illegal to for unions to require workers to pay these dues. Without members dues to bind them, unions power and strength of collective bargaining are severely undermined. Many unions whitethorn at last find th emselves endangered or extinct (Lafer, 2012 February 6).Then workers will find themselves without representation or even a voice regarding their rights. Those people against public employee unions and collective bargaining feel that public sector employees are receiving profuse pay and benefits at the expense of the American taxpayers (Schulz, 2012 January 10). Unions cut the authority and focal point of company managers. In addition, unions may have a polarizing effect between precaution and the employees of a company. Unions also restrict the ability of managers to bundle one-on-one with employees.When unions are involved, management is unable to make unilateral changes that may involve hours, wages, or other issues dealing with employment (University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2012). In Why U. S. should root on for Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, Nick Schulz feels that The collective bargaining privilege gives teacher unions political power that is used to block square aw ay efforts and shield K-12 education from entrepreneurial disruptions that threaten established ways of doing things (Schulz, 2012, Para. 11).Many Republicans espouse school vouchers as the cause to declining test scores across the United States. Vouchers are opposed by teacher unions and most educators who say that they would disrupt or damage our public education system in the U. S. If parents are allowed to use vouchers to choose which school their children attend, then those parents will be able to select the school that best fits their childrens call for and learning style. Whereas this might be great for the child involved, it could pose difficulties for already cash-strapped public schools that would lose almost of their state funding.Public school employees who belong to teacher unions should be treated as professionals, yet they receive pay far below that of other professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and engineers. Collective bargaining has allowed public union membe rs to plow on their own behalf regarding their working conditions and job benefits. Public sector unions are currently under barrage by right-wing politicians checked by large corporations (McAlevey, 2011 March 7). If public union members are non allowed to use collective bargaining, then they will no longer have a voice in their wages, benefits, or working conditions.Wages could be cut at the whim of management. To finish their jobs for the day, many public employees might find themselves working off the clock since management can require more from them without recompense. According to an oblige by Raymond Hogler and Christine Henle, entitled The Attack on Public Sector Unions in the United States How Regional refinement Influences statutory Policy, Coincident with union declines, American workers experienced stagnant wages, a diminution of benefits, and overall humiliation of working conditions (Hogler and Henle, 2011 Fall, p. 37). 22 states have now passed right to work l aws which interfere with unions ability to maintain solidarity and train resources (Hogler and Henle, 2011 Fall, p. 138). Those states with right to work laws have less union density, as well as less comparison for their citizens in terms of health care, education, and income (Hogler and Henle, 2011 Fall, p. 143). Public union employees must be allowed to continue bargaining collectively to protect their right to have a voice in their working conditions, wages, and benefits.Collective bargaining ensures that public union members make a livable wage to support their families now, as well as having a stop up retirement pension waiting for them when they retire. Many politicians foretell that teachers earn too much money. A teacher I know now makes below the interior(a) poverty level, yet he holds a outgos Degree plus 30 hours. He is not an isolated case. Many teachers who belong to a teachers union still make salaries below the subject field poverty level. If their pay erodes e ven further, then many teachers will be unable to afford to continue teaching.Teachers and other public employee unions are there to support and protect great teachers, not cover for any bad ones. Dont we want to hold on to the dedicated teachers who have given of themselves to ensure that all children receive a free graphic symbol public education? ? References Bond, E. , Gingerich, S. , Archer-Antonson, O. , Purcell, L. , & Macklem, E. (2003). Impact of the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved Sunday, October 21, 2012, from http//industrialrevolution. sea. ca Devinatz, V. (2011, Spring). U. S. Trade Unionism Under Globalization The remnant of Voluntarism and the Turn to Politics?Labor Law Journal. 62(1). 16-29. Retrieved Saturday, family 29, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN 59982464 Gitlow, A. (2012, Summer). Ebb and Flow in Americas Trade Unions The Present Prospect. Labor Law Journal. 63(2). 123-136. Retrieved Saturday, October 13, 2012 from EBSCOhost AN 78023126 Givan, R. & Hipp, L. Publi c Perceptions of Union Efficacy A Twenty-Four Country Study. Labor Studies Journal. 37(1). 7-32. Retrieved Saturday, October 13, 2012, from EBSCOhost DOI 10. 1177/0160449X11429264 Hackett, L. (1992). Industrial Revolution. History field international.Retrieved Sunday, October 21, 2012, from http//history-world. org/Industrial Intro. htm Hogler, R. (2012, Fall). Constitutionalizing Paycheck Protection What Knox v. Service Employees International Union Means for American Labor. Labor Law Journal. 63(3). 153-164. Retrieved Saturday, kinsfolk 29, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN80170928 Hogler, R. and Henle, C. (2011, Fall). The Attack on Public Sector Unions in the United States How Regional Culture Influences Legal Policy. Labor Law Journal. 62(3). 136-144. Retrieved Saturday, kinsfolk 29, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN66687318References Lafer, G. (2012, June 2). Right to puzzle out for Less. Nation. 294(6). 24-26. Retrieved Saturday, October 13, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN 70466585 McAlevey, J. (2 011, March 7). Labors Last Stand. Nation. 292(10/11). 22-26. Retrieved Saturday, September 29, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN 58504081 Rigiero, D. (2011, April). You are now entering the United Corporations of America. cheer leave your union card at the border. mama Nurse Advocate. 82(3). 14. Retrieved Saturday, October 13, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN 2011071259 Schulz, N. 2012, January 10). Why U. S. should cheer for Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker. USA Today. Retrieved Saturday, September 29, 2012, from EBSCOhost AN JOE207214460212 Tucker, B. (2005, May). Liberty is Exploitation The Force of Tradition in Early Manufacturing. OAH Magazine of History. 19(3). 21-24. Retrieved Sunday, October 21, 2012, from JSTOR http//www. jstor. org/stable/25161943 University of Maryland, Baltimore County. (2001, January 24). Pros and Cons of Collective Bargaining. Retrieved Monday, October 22, 2012, from www. umbc. edu/uwaaup/ collective. htm