The Electric Bass Essay -- Music

The making of the electric bass, or an electric guitar imagined twofold bass, has changed the manner in which music is both composed and performed and will keep on being a main thrust behind for all intents and purposes each sort of music. Despite the fact that the electric bass* can be viewed as a fundamental creation so as to coordinate the ever-expanding volume of unrecorded music, particularly rock, it can likewise be seen as a much needed refresher and new attitude toward acoustic instruments. The electric bass has both truly and practically had a fascinating advancement since its introduction to the world, however one thing for certain is that in any event, trailing behind the electric guitar from the outset, this instrument has ventured away and established its place into music. Electric basses share a portion of the essential physical parts of their acoustic brethren, the upstanding twofold bass, yet in addition have their own characterizing qualities that make the electric bass what it is. As a rule, an electric bass is made out of three significant parts on which it is additionally partitioned: â€Å"You can isolate the bass into three segments: The neck, the body, and the innards. The various pieces of the neck and the body are anything but difficult to see, while the innards aren’t so obvious† (Pfeiffer, Patrick). Looking to the neck, one can see that there is entirely least four other significant parts, those being: the headstock, tuning machines, nut, and fretboard. Their capacities, separately, are: to give a spot to which the tuning machines can live; adjusts the strings or down to accomplish a specific pitch; keeps the strings held off of the fretboard and dispersed equitably; the spot wherein you fret notes to be played. The body of the bass is the place the vast majority of the reverberation will originate from and the tonewood will direct the general scorch... ...layer and educator situated in Seattle, Washington† who set up the organization Audiovox and created the Model 736 Bass Fiddle around 1936. Its structure comprised of â€Å"†¦a generally guitar-shape pecan body, a solitary pickup and control handle on a pearloid pickguard, a neck with 16 frets, and a line rising up out of a jack on the upper side of the body† (Bacon 8-9). Tutmarc was the first to get nearly everything directly in planning an electric bass, however didn't meet with great business deals. At that point, in 1951 Leo Fender would set the standard for electric basses by acquainting his Precision Bass with the world. Works Cited Bacon, Tony, and Barry Moorhouse. The Bass Book. New York: Backbeat, 1995. Print. Pants, Sir James. Science and Music. Cambridge: University Press, 1953. Print. Pfeiffer, Patrick. Low register guitar for Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2003. Print.

Total Quality Pioneers Paper Essay Example

All out Quality Pioneers Paper Essay There are various meanings of value and numerous individuals utilize quality as a methods for acknowledgment. Quality is the â€Å"measure of greatness or condition liberated from deformities, lacks, and critical variations† (BusinessDictionary, 2010). Buyers are worried about quality when making significant buys, for example, a vehicle, house, vessel, and so on , while picking some staple goods important for families, and when feasting at eateries. On the off chance that the nature of an item or administration is referred to by individuals as poor then the purchaser will pick another implies that can give the person in question a quality that is normal. Since there are numerous meanings of value, each importance has regular components. The components of value incorporate gathering or going past client desires, understanding that quality applies to products, administrations, situations, and methods, and the understanding that quality is a constantly evolving condition. As it were, â€Å"what is viewed as quality today may not be sufficient to be viewed as quality tomorrow† (Davis Goetsch, p 5). Pioneer’s Use of Total Quality Although W. Edward Deming is the most popular quality pioneer, Joseph M. Juran is extensively close Deming in view of commitments he made to quality. Juran made the Juran Institute, Inc. that is a â€Å"international pioneer in directing preparing, look into, and counseling exercises in the territory of value management† (Davis Goetsch, pg 16). Juran is known for the accompanying commitments to quality: Juran’s Three Basic Steps to Progress, Juran’s Ten Steps to Quality Improvement, The Pareto standard, and The Juran Trilogy (Davis Goetsch, pg 17). In Juran’s Three Basic Steps to Progress, the pioneer gives his sentiments on what steps organizations should take in the event that they need to accomplish high-class quality. We will compose a custom article test on Total Quality Pioneers Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Total Quality Pioneers Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Total Quality Pioneers Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Juran’s Ten Steps to Quality Improvement are steps prescribed for organizations to improve their quality. The Pareto standard was named after financial specialist Vilfredo Pareto. This is known as the 80/20 standard. This standard states 80% of value issues in an organization are brought about by 20% of the issues (Davis Geotsch, pg 19). At long last, The Juran Trilogy was this pioneer’s significant commitment. The Trilogy sums up the three administrative capacities; quality arranging, quality control, and quality improvement (Davis Goetsch pg 18). Joseph Juran pushed for the instruction and preparing of administrators. Why Elements are Useful The components of value are helpful from various perspectives in today’s condition. Every one of the components can assist the board with understanding the significance of surpassing client needs and desires. In today’s economy, organizations must comprehend the significance of value and how it is identified with their items and administrations offered to clients. All things considered, the components assume a significant job in the accomplishment of the business. The Future of Quality The eventual fate of value must keep on following the patterns of buyers. Since quality can bring about an effective or bombing business, proprietors and the executives must keep on improving quality. An association may have its own one of a kind thoughts on the best way to guarantee quality anyway the most significant strategic fulfilling the shopper. End Quality has a few distinct implications. The word holds criticalness importance to desires for shoppers. The components of value are helpful in today’s condition and help entrepreneurs comprehend the significance of gauges. After research on the quality pioneers, Joseph M. Juran is viewed as the dad of present day quality administration. His commitments modified the universe of value.

Understanding the Free Rider Problem

Understanding the Free Rider Problem Have you ever been in a situation where you have felt like you pull more than your weight in a project, at work, in your neighborhood or even in your own home?Have you somehow ended up doing (almost) everything while others are slacking off?Imagine this: you are preparing a meal for your family. Everybody is eating the delicious dinner that you made, bought ingredients for, set up the table, and did all the dishes. Everybody enjoys it, but they did nothing to contribute to the experience.Or this other, very well-known scenario to even younger children: There are five of your classmates in your assignment group. You and Tom research and gather information; Kate ends up typing the entire project, but what about Bill and Jane? Jane makes a suggestion every now and then, and Bill says that this assignment is well beyond his knowledge and/or interests, and decides to stay on the sidelines and not help at all.Now, at the end of the day, all five of you get an A from your teacher, regardles s of how much you contributed to the overall success of the project.Do you feel okay about this? How do Bill and Jane feel? Would you do it again in the same way? Would you do it at all or would you take note from Bills handbook?What these examples illustrate is the instinct of all the people, in general, to get as much as they can out of a certain situation with investing as little resources (energy, time, money, and so on) as possible.In the Social and Economic science, it is called the Free Rider Problem.WHO IS A FREE RIDER, AND WHAT IS THE FREE RIDER PROBLEM?A free rider is a person who uses a certain good, resource or service without actually paying for it, or if they are contributing in some way, they are not contributing enough.This leads to the overconsumption or underproduction of that good, which eventually leads to either partial or complete market failure. From our example, we can deduce that both Bill-who does not contribute to the project, and Jane-who contributes rath er insufficiently are free riders in this scenario. The other three Tom, Kate, and you are contributing to the project.On a more global scale, the contribution can be made in several ways, depending on the type of a good or a service that is in question.If you are thinking about services like free healthcare- you can either contribute by paying taxes, donating money or even time, by volunteering, for example. In other cases, such as national defense, all you can do is pay the allocated taxes.The free rider problem happens mostly with public goods like national defense, access to clean air and water, flood protection, free knowledge (public schools, libraries, and online educational content), roads, bridges, sanitation regulations and so on.The problem with Public goods is that they are non-excludable and non-rival. What does that mean?A good is non-excludable if people who do not pay for it cannot be easily prevented from using that particular good.Lets take a look at an example: C lothes are an example of excludable goods because it is easy to prevent people who do not pay for clothes from using them (note: think about purchasing clothes, not donations for the underprivileged).However, national defense is a non-excludable good, since it is hard, no, not hard- it is impossible to prevent people who did not pay taxes for national defense from benefiting from it.They are protected the same way as those members of the society who do pay for national defense.A service or a good is non-rival if when one persons use of the goods does not reduce the ability of another person to use the good.Clothes are a rival good since if one person is using them; another person cannot use those same clothes at the same time.On the other hand, if a person is protected by national defense from, lets say, bombing; that does not prevent other people, even those who do not pay, to benefit from the protection.And, additionally, the people who do pay for it do not get the extra protectio n just because they have paid.Since it is really hard to exclude the non-payers, there is an incentive not to pay and try to free ride.Rational individuals would never want to contribute to the allocation of public goods because a rational individual knows that as soon as they make a payment for it, other people are going to benefit from it.So, then they are thinking: Why should I do that? Surely I would have to let other people pay for it and then I free ride on somebody elses payment.But if everyone decides not to pay and free ride, the public good does not get provided as there are not enough funds to sustain the market.The final consequence in the example of national defense is that there is none and that in the unfortunate case of a war, the country will not have the resources to defend itself and all of its people, regardless of whether they paid for it or not.Because of that, there is a missing market for public goods; private companies do not want to produce them as there is no profit to it.Take street lights, or lighthouses, or bridges, for example, although they are socially desirable by all, they are not provided for willingly. So, who pays for those? Well, the government does.It is interesting to note that the free rider problem occurs as an issue of the mixed economic system (free market economy combined with command economy), which is the newest and most common in this day and age.WHY DO PEOPLE CHOOSE TO FREE RIDE? As we already mentioned and illustrated in the above examples, it seems nonsensical for the people to pay for something if others are going to use it for free.Why would they pay for it if they think that they can benefit from it anyway-somebody else will make that contribution?There are two illustrations that can further explain the free rider problem and the sociological or rather behavioral aspect of it, and those are The Tragedy of the Commons and the Prisoners Dilemma Game.I.  Free Rider Problem and the Tragedy of the Commons With all of our examples, if you decide not to contribute to the public good, you are expressing the innate tendency to reap as many benefits as possible with as little work possible.In such cases, the benefits are larger for you in the short term; however, the consequences for society are far greater in the long term.Those actions are selfish, but people are wired this way- to take care of themselves and disregard the wellbeing of others, and themselves as a part of society as the end result.This is illustrated in grabbing more than your share of resources that should be equally used by all and equally distributed among all the members of the society.“What is common to the greatest number gets the least amount of care.”   Aristotle, PoliticsThe incentive to do what is best for you rather than what is best for everyone is the root cause of something that economists call the Tragedy of the Commons.This term is used to illustrate economic and social situations in which every person has the same access to the same good as any other individual- like street lighting, or a public park, for example.The idea in this theory is that those common goods that everyone has access to are often misused or exploited.It explains most of our environmental problems like air pollution, deforestation, the killing of many endangered species, and overfishing.The term was coined way back in 1833 by William Forster Lloyd, a British economist, who wrote a pamphlet on a hypothetical situation of the British farmers over-consuming the grazing areas by letting more than the allocated number of cows feed on the areas.As a result, the individual benefits were greater in the short term, but the grazing area was eventually destroyed.Garrett Hardin, an ecologist, popularized the term more than a century later by raising attention to overusing natural resources that can cause issues that could be catastrophic in the long run, arguing for the importance of the public good rather than individuals a lone.In many places in the world, there are more fish being pulled out of rivers, lakes, and oceans than the fish that are being born.Now, this is not just bad for the fish, and the entire ecosystem that will suffer if an entire species would be removed from it, but for the fishermen as well. As the resources are depleted, fishermen find themselves without the job.Isnt it more beneficial for more of them to work for a little less profit, but keep their jobs for the rest of their working lives, rather than have larger profit for a short period of time?So why are they not conserving, allowing fish to reproduce and generate more resources for the future?Take a look at the incentives. If a few environmentally conscious fishermen decide to give the fish the time to spawn, then some other fisherman will harvest them instead. If you cannot prevent other people from exploiting the resource, then you have an incentive to exploit it yourself and take as much as you can and as quickly as you c an. But with everyone following that logic, the finite resource gets pillaged.There is an entire subfield of economics that is focused on addressing and solving issues like this, and it is called environmental economics.However, the principles of the Tragedy of the Commons can be successfully used to illustrate the social causes and motivation for free riding.When we take street lightning into consideration, the consequences are not as far-reaching as with destroying entire ecosystems, but lets explain how the Tragedy of Commons applies to this problem.If you pay for the street light you are safe to wonder about your neighborhood at night, knowing that you will be less likely to stumble and fall. But so will your neighbor who did not pay for the street light.If you decide not to pay, and your neighbor still does not pay, you will both have a larger chance of injuring yourselves; it will be harder to notice a potential robber, you will be stressed and potentially develop a health co ndition related to stress.This is just a hypothetical and highly unlikely situation.However, stop and think for a moment how much you would hurt yourself, the others and all future generations by being socially and economically unconscious and selfish, especially when you decide to free ride on issues that are beneficial to all members of society.II.  The Free Rider Problem and the Prisoners Dilemma GameThe Prisoners Dilemma Game is a part of game theory (studies how mathematical models can show the process of rational decision-making).The idea came from Flood and Dresher in 195o and was named and shaped up to what it is today by A.W. Tucker.The main idea behind the game is to show that, given a choice to either cooperate or not cooperate, the majority of rational people opt not to cooperate regardless of how this might not be in their best interest. The original prisoners dilemma game includes two people with a rather short possible sentence with the option to lower the sentence ti me if they cooperate and betray another.If one betrays and the other one does not, the one who betrayed goes free and the other one gets a bigger sentence.So, why does it then happen that in most cases, both prisoners decide not to betray?The dilemma occurs because, from a personal standpoint, it is clear that they can only gain if they are betraying the other, regardless of the fact that the mutual benefit is larger if they both cooperate.This comes as a result of not knowing what the other prisoner would do, and having no control over it.So how does this apply to the free rider problem?We stated that the free rider problem occurs that the public goods, resources or services are divided equally among all the members of the society regardless of how much, or even whether the members of the society pay/contribute to the use of a certain public good.Let us imagine the next scenario:There are two people- Jake and Kim who are thinking about paying for public service. Lets say that the l ocal community has decided to open up a new library, and each of the members of the community is asked to contribute by paying 6$ to help build the library which will be available for everyone to use.The government has taken into account how much money people spend on buying books on average and came to the conclusion that the benefit of a 6$ contribution will be 10$.This is great since the benefit is larger than the cost. How does it happen that each member of the community is motivated to free ride rather than pay the 6$ and enjoy the new library?Let us examine how Jake and Kim rationalize the free riding on this occasion.If both Jake and Kim pay the required amount of money, they will each gain 10$, and the individual net gain is $4, and the complete gain for the society is 20$.If Jake contributes and Kim does not, the total gain is only 10$, and since the public goods are distributed evenly, Kim will get her 5$ in net gain with no contribution whatsoever, while Jake will have th e -1$ net gain since he paid the 6$ cost and gained only 5$. The same process goes for the situation that Kim contributes and Jake does not.If both Jake and Kim decide not to contribute there will be no cost but subsequently no gain either.This is where rationalizing and the incentive to free ride comes to action.Since Jake does not know for sure if Kim will contribute, he is worried that only he would pay for the library which would be available for Kim to use as well, he will lose 1$, and she will gain 5$.Kim is thinking n the same way. Since we assumed that both of them are rational people, they will most surely decide not to contribute at all as it will diminish their chance at a loss, regardless of the benefit they would have if they actually do contribute to the building of the library.If the majority of the people in this hypothetic community thought in this way, there would be insufficient or no funds at all for the government to build the public library so the community wil l be left without one, and possibly spend more money on buying books in the long run, than if they did contribute without thinking about their individual needs that are more beneficial, short term.ARE THERE SOLUTIONS TO THE FREE RIDER PROBLEM?Since most of the public goods are government funded, it is up to the government to find a way to eliminate the free riders.There are several ways in which the government can do that.1. TaxationIf the government finds that the fire department in your community costs X amount of dollars, they should divide the cost to the entire number of the contributing individuals and require them to pay the taxes.In that case, the fire department will be sustained, and everybody will be able to use this public service in the time of need. Since the taxes are mandatory, the free rider problem is eliminated.Both the cost and the benefits are evenly shared among all the members of the community.Sometimes, the need for taxation feels like a punishment to people who initially did not want to pay for a certain good, but it seems like the only certain way to fix the free-riding problem.Again, people are acting on their best individual interest by paying what is required of them and not risking the additional fees if they do not.2. PrivatizationIf a government makes a public good a private one, it addresses the problem of non-excludability.If they put a toll on a bridge, you have to pay to use it, so some funds for more bridges and roads, and repair of the existed ones come through that money. If you do not want to pay the toll, you will have to find another way to travel where you need to.3. DonationsFor public goods that are not as expensive as sanitation infrastructure, roads or national defense and healthcare, soliciting donations may be the way to make up for the free riders.The act of donating small amounts of money to public parks, libraries or museums will not completely eliminate free riders, but it appeals to peoples altruism and mor ale.Those donations can be used books, clothes, canned goods and so on, not just money.FINAL WORDThe free rider problem occurs as a consequence of peoples inherent need to work/pay as little as possible and gain as much as possible.We will always look for what is best for us at the moment, rather than looking at a bigger picture and doing something beneficial for the community whether it be a local animal shelter, a states defense system, or worlds environmental problems.What we should get from this text is that it is in our nature to look for an easy way out and rationalize when we are tempted to free ride, however, it is better to focus on the long term well-being of our entire community, since it is an investment in the future of this world and the generations that are to come.It is up to us to become more socially, economically, and environmentally conscious, and evade our impulse to free ride, and it is up to the government to implement means that will ensure the well-being of all.

Colby-Sawyer College Admissions Admit Rate, SAT Scores

Chirp 1 Ap Chapter 1 - 1235 Words

â€Å"So let’s say this is Zephyr running around terrorizing the town and supposedly kill two people what are we supposed to do?† Zay asked. â€Å"What are you getting at?† Todrick implied as he shifted through his parents drawers grabbing anything that he knew was silver. â€Å"Well I mean what if he’s gone?† Todrick stopped what he was doing and looked at Zay. He didn’t know what to say as it wasn’t something he had thought about. â€Å"I mean I know it’s a scary thought but come on Tod, he killed two people. Even if we somehow managed to get him back he did things that’ll get him put up.† Zay continued. â€Å"I see where you’re coming from but we have to at least try to save him. It’s the least i owe him for turning him into this and then abandoning him.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The boys jumped back and Todrick lost his footing, falling back. Zay tried to grab him but the wolf snapped his teeth in his direction. Zay quickly fell back and Todrick just sat there face to face with the wolf. â€Å"Zephyr?† Todrick said softly. The wolf snarled. â€Å"Zephyr if that is you please listen to me. I’m so sorry,† Todrick started, â€Å"I abandoned you when you needed me most but i didn’t know what to do. I thought i had lost you and I didn’t know how i was going to recover. I didn’t know what to tell anyone and I hated the thought of working so hard for something that not only failed but took my best friend.† The wolf continued advancing toward Todrick. â€Å"Whatever happens I completely deserve but if there is any chance of helping you and turning you back then I want to help you.† He finished. The wolf stopped just inches away from Todrick. Suddenly sirens erupted around the corner and swarmed around Todrick and the wolf. The wolf quickly turned his attention to the cars that screeched to a stop. Men in padded uniforms stepped out with weapons that ordinary police officers didn’t carry around. Todrick got up quickly, â€Å"Sir step away we have animal control here ready to put this beast down.† Todrick quickly stepped in front of the wolf, unaware of how close he was until he felt the hot breath down his back. â€Å"Wait, don’t shoot!† Todrick called out holding up both of his hands. â€Å"I know this is all out of the ordinaryShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is

Monsoons Monsoon and Southern Hemisphere Free Essays

MONSOONS Topic sentence-â€Å"This essay will focus upon the both the beneficial and the detrimental impacts of monsoonal weather systems in the Asia pacific region. † INTRODUCTION: paragraph 0 * Monsoons are an annually recurring weather phenomenon, triggered by the earth’s tilt in relation to the sun. Although they return every year, it is still impossible to tell the timing, duration, and quantity of rain each season, a fact that leaves impacted areas without accurate storm information * The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-Australian monsoons. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoons: Monsoon and Southern Hemisphere or any similar topic only for you Order Now The wind generally blows for six months from the northeast and six months from the southwest. * A major wind system that seasonally reverses its direction—such as one that blows for approximately six months from the northeast and six months from the southwest. The most prominent monsoons occur in South Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific coast of Central America. Monsoonal tendencies also are apparent along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in central Europe; however, true monsoons do not occur in those regions. ORIGINS: paragraph 1 Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian sub-continent and Asia around 50 million years ago. [9] Many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago based on records from the Arabian Sea and the record of wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China. More recently, plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led to a timing of the monsoon starting 15-20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift. 10] Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program STRUCTURE: paragraph 1 CAUSES/PROCESS: paragraph 2 * SUMMER MONSOONS: When the Sun rays fall on the Earth, they get reflected by the land and cause heating of the air present above it. The water sources like oceans, rivers, etc. , absorb this heat from the air, due to which the air present above these water sources is relatively cool. * Example is the zone of Asia, where major part of the northern hemisphere is land and southern hemisphere is ocean. During summers, the Earth makes a perfect angle with the Sun; as a result, the Sun rays directly strike on the northern hemisphere landmass. These Sun rays get reflected and cause warming of the air. This hot air rises up into the atmosphere and the cooler air of the southern hemisphere from the ocean rush to fill the gap. This cool air contains moisture which is the main source of summer rains in Asia. This process is known as summer monsoon or southwest monsoon. * WINTER MONSOONS: Sun rays are more dominant at the southern hemisphere. They are completely reverse of summer monsoons as the lands are cooler than the oceans. The air circulation is completely opposite as the warm air moves from ocean to land and cold air move from land to ocean. This cold air entraps the moisture when they pass over the tropical waters and releases the moisture over northern Australia, Sri Lanka, the Indian coast and Indonesia. They are also known as north-east monsoons. IMPACTS: paragraph3 * Over 60% of the world’s population depend on monsoon rains, but despite their regularity, there are year-to-year variations which place enormous strain on food and water resources. * Food production in seasonally arid areas is inherently risky. By the end of the dry season, the soil is parched and planting cannot begin until the rains arrive. A late or weak monsoon can lead to a short r poor growing season and hence low yields, as happened during the drought of 1987. An excessively strong monsoon can be just as detrimental. For example, in Pakistan, heavy rain during September 1992 flooded cotton plantations and caused the crop to fail. Agricultural failure has a profound effect on the economy of monsoon-affected countries, such as India, where farming accounts for 30% of the gross domestic product and 67% of the workforce. BENEFITS: paragraph3 * The benefits of monsoon rain are immense – they provide water for a country whose dry, arid climate destroys and dries out the water supply. In the hotter and drier months of the year in India, people are sometimes forced to travel by foot for miles just to get clean water for their families. Some just collapse from heat stroke and lack of energy. The monsoons change this – the water from the monsoon rain saves lives. DESTRUCTIVE POTENTIAL: paragraph3 * Monsoons can put communities in danger. The winds can knock down trees and even do some damage to people’s houses or buildings – windows may be broken and trees may fall on houses. The floods also cause people serious problems. People may be walking down the street, wading through waist-deep water. The floods from the extreme rain can spread bacteria as well. The dirty water that hundreds of other people have been wading through can be a good breeding ground for harmful bacteria and it helps spread deadly diseases. Mosquitoes breed in water, so there might be an over-population of mosquitoes that can carry diseases, as well. EXAMPLES: paragraph 4 STATISTICS: paragraph 5 ————————————————- Monsoon Statistics| | No. | Year | Average rain in millimeter in Bharuch headquarter| Average rain in millimeter in districts| 1| 1998 | 1089 | 910 | 2 | 1999 | 523 | 397. 37 | 3 | 2000 | 533 | 389. 25 | 4 | 2001 | 857 | 614. 87 | 5 | 2002 | 1023 | 714. 37 | 6 | 2003 | 872 | 806 | 7 | 2004 | 1062 | 783 | 8 | 2005 | 826 | 889 | 9 | 2006 | 963 | 914. 8 | 10 | 2007 | 1487 | 900 | | | | http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Monsoon http://school. eb. com. au/all/eb/article-9053445? query=monsoonsct=null http://www. uzzle. com/articles/what-causes-monsoons. html http://library. thinkquest. org/C003603/english/monsoons/causesofmonsoons. shtml http://ugamp. nerc. ac. uk/promise/brochure/brochure. pdf http://indiasmonsoons. blogspot. com/ http://bharuchdp. gujarat. gov. in/bharuch/english/branches/revenue-branch/monsoon-stati stic. htm STRUCTURE * INTRODUCTION * Origins (paragraph1) * Structure (Paragraph 1) * Causes/Process (paragraph2) * Impacts(paragraph3) * Benefits (paragraph3) * Destructive potential (paragraph3) * Example (paragraph 4) * Statistics (paragraph 4) * CONCLUSION How to cite Monsoons: Monsoon and Southern Hemisphere, Papers

The trial Essay Example For Students

The trial Essay This disturbing and vastly influential novel has been interpreted on many levels of structure and symbol; but most commentators agree that the book explores the themes of guilt, anxiety, and moral impotency in the face of some ambiguous force. Joseph K. is an employee in a bank, a man without particular qualities or abilities. He could be anyone, and in some ways he is everyone. His inconsequence makes doubly strange his arrest by the officer of the court in the large city where K. lives. He tries in vain to discover how he has aroused the suspicion of the court. His honesty is conventional; his sins, with Elsa the waitress, are conventional; and he has no striking or dangerous ambitions. He can only ask questions, and receives no answers that clarify the strange world of courts and court functionaries in which he is compelled to wander. The plight of Joseph K., consumed by guilt and condemned for a crime he does not understand by a court with which he cannot communicate, is a profound and disturbing image of man in the modern world. There are no formal charges, no procedures, and little information to guide the defendant. One of the most unsettling aspects of the novel is the continual juxtaposition of alternative hypothe ses, multiple explanations, different interpretations of cause and effect, and the uncertainty it breeds. The whole rational structure of the world is undermined. We will write a custom essay on The trial specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Is it not better to fall into the hands of a murderer than into the dreams of a lustful woman? Friedrich Nietzsche, Also Sprach ZarathustraChapter 1: The Arrest / Conversation with Frau Grubach / Then Frulein Brstner Joseph K., our hero, wakes up the morning of his thirtieth birthday expecting his breakfast to be brought to him. What he gets instead are two warders, Franz and Willem, telling him hes under arrest. He protests some, demanding to see their boss, at first thinking it must be a joke perpetrated on him by some people at the Bank, where he works as a chief clerk. He meets the Inspector, who says its for real but refuses to say why. The Inspector is seated in Frulein Brstners room next door, and K. sees three men he knows from the bank there, Rabensteiner, Kaminer, and Kullich, whom he greets angrily before hurrying off to work. After he gets home from work that evening, he talks with his landlady, Frau Grubach. He apologizes for the ruckus and she says its all right, but t hat she doesnt really understand this business of his arrest. He starts to go to his room and asks if Frulein Brstner is in, so he can apologize for the appropriation of her room. No, she isnt, and he can see her room himself. Frau Grubach starts wondering about her nocturnal habits, as shes seen her with young men around town at night, only to be interrupted by K., defending her from unwarranted aspersions on her character. She leaves, and he goes to bed, where he cant sleep. At about 11:30 Frulein Brstner, a typist, comes home and K. goes to talk to her. He tells her what happened that morning, but she doesnt seem to be really interested, asking bored questions about it, as if to get rid of him. A knock on the door down the hall interrupts them, and Joseph apologizes profusely for taking up her time and makes as if to leave, but not before grabbing her and kissing her savagely. Then he goes back to his own room. Joseph gets a call at work telling him to show up for a brief inquiry into his case on Sunday. He goes to the building mentioned that Sunday, only to find its just a big tenement house, with no distinguishing marks. After wandering through the building he at last is directed to the Court of Inquiry by a strange woman doing laundry. The Court is sitting in an overcrowded, stuffy room, with a platform and a big audience of important looking men. He gets berated for being late and is asked if hes a house painter. K. takes this opportunity to address the audience (which answers with applause) about how much this court sucks, it cant get its facts straight, this whole thing is a farce, a conspiracy He is cut off by a man pressing the woman he saw outside the courtroom to him and shrieking. K. makes his way through the crowd and leaves. Chapter 3: In the Empty Courtroom / The Student / The Offices The next Sunday K. feels he should go back to the court, only to get there and finding nobody there but the woman he saw before. She apologizes for the disturban ce, and blames it on Bertold, a law student who has been chasing her around, although she is the wife of the usher. K. examines the books left on the table, only to find that apparently the Examining Magistrate has a taste for erotica. He is interrupted by the woman, who starts to tell him about the Examining Magistrate and how he was writing a brief on K.s case last week before coming in to look at her sleeping. He even gave her some stockings, look! And she shows them to him. Bertold has entered the room at some point and is hulking towards them. Nevertheless the woman insinuates that K. can have her, only to be interrupted by Bertold, who carries her off. K. chases them into the court offices but loses them. The usher comes in and complains about Bertold chasing his wife (even though she throws herself at him) and how he would love to see him flattened. He tries to interest Joseph in this matter and they start walking through the labyrinthine, dark, stifling offices. Along the wa y they get to a hallway filled with men waiting for word on their cases. K. gets spooked and wants to leave, but hes lost. He begins to feel faint and has to sit down, helped by a young woman and a man. He finally makes his way out, carried along by the man and young woman, badly shaken and not wanting to come back. Chapter 4: Frulein Brstners Friend (Editorss note: In the new edition, this chapter is consigned to the Fragments section, so it goes straight from the empty courtroom to the whipper.) Joseph wants to talk to Frulein Brstner again, but she hasnt been around. One day he notices an awful racket coming from her room and finds out that her friend, Frulein Montag, a sickly French teacher, is moving in with her. He talks to Frau Grubach about it, who says shell stop the noise if he wants but that yes, Frulein Brstner is indeed having Frulein Montag move in with her. Joseph is upset over this turn of events, apparently started by his own behavior, and goes to see the room for himself, where he meets Frulein Montag. She wont tell him exactly why shes moving in, and says that Frulein Brstner doesnt want to talk to him. He goes back to his room, thinking about what all this might mean. K. is walking to his office in the Bank when he hears a horrible scream. He investigates and finds that Franz and Willem, the warders, are being whipped in a dark little storeroom. They plead with him to let them off, they have their own troubles, but the whipper is adamant about doing his duty. K. tries to buy him off, but no, that wont do. Finally he tries to pull them out of the room but is foiled. For the next week he cant get it out of his mind and goes back to look at the room, only to find everything as it was last week, with the whipper and the two warders there again. K. slams the door and yells for someone to clean out the closet. K.s uncle Karl (or Albert) visits him in his office. He has come in from the country, upset over his nephews case and wanting to help him . They go to see one of his uncles school friends, Dr. Huld, who is very sick but knows all about Josephs case. He has just been talking to the Chief Clerk, and the three of them begin talking. Meanwhile Josephs mind is on the nurse, a young woman called Leni. In the middle of the conversation he hears a crash, and goes to check it out, finding out that Leni just wanted to get him alone with her. She wants him to like her, she insists, but Joseph is more interested in his case. This painting of an important-looking judge, for instance. Will he be his judge? Oh, no, no, hes just an examining magistrate, done up as if he were important. In fact, hes just a midget. Leni advises him to confess and not be so unyielding.She wants to know all about his girlfriend Elsa, a waitress in a club, and he shows her a photograph. She is less than impressed, saying that she looks hard and wouldnt he like to trade her for a better one? Does she have a defect, like Lenis webbed hand? Joseph seems intr igued and kisses it, only to be hauled onto the floor by an exultant Leni. Later she gives him a key so he can come back anytime he wants. He promptly bumps into his uncle who berates him for fooling around with what is obviously the lawyers mistress, and they leave. Chapter 7: Lawyer / Manufacturer / Painter K. is now totally obsessed over his case, which is now about six months along. He sometimes meets with Dr. Huld, who tells him that yes, hes doing everything he can, but things have to go slowly. One needs to understand how things work, the lawyer tells him, and you definitely need someone who knows the ropes. Without that, your case is hopeless. K. cant figure out what exactly the purpose of these speeches is, but hes getting impatient. Nothing seems to be happening with his case, and he decides to do more himself, as the lawyer isnt doing anything for him. At work, where hes feeling increasingly threatened by the Assistant Manager, one of his clients, a manufacturer, knows ab out his case and tells him about the painter Titorelli, who might be able to help him. He even writes a letter K. can give the painter. He thinks it over and decides to go see him right away, even though the Assistant Manager is just dying for some reason to steal his clients (he thinks). He finds the place where the painter lives, a ramshackle, stuffy, poorly-built apartment, surrounded by a bunch of young girls who want to know why K.s here. Titorelli greets him and locks the door behind him, complaining about these brats. K. notices another painting of a judge. Who is he? Oh, hes Justice, in the abstract. But in reality hes just another low magistrate whos had his picture painted like that. Theyre very vain, these judges. They begin to talk about his case, interrupted at times by the girls talking or asking if K. has left yet. Im innocent, K. maintains. Good, says Titorelli. But the Court is not to be budged. It owns everything, like those girls out there. It is impervious to tru th. What acquittal do you want? Theres actual acquittal, apparent acquittal, and protraction. Actual acquittal is the best but cant be influenced. Besides, Ive never heard of one. Apparent acquittal I could help you with. I could write an affidavit swearing your innocence. But if you are acquitted, it isnt final. This would be followed by the second arrest, the second trial and acquittal, and then the third arrest, and so on. Protraction is just where you keep your case at the lowest level of the Court. You dont have to worry about sudden arrests or anything like that, but you do have to keep a constant eye on your case, since it still has to be kept going. K. has heard quite enough of the Courts machinations and gets up to leave. Titorelli convinces him to buy a few of his landscape paintings, and K. walks out the back door, only to find himself in the law offices again. He meets the people waiting on their cases again and finds an usher to lead him out. He goes back to the bank an d hides the pictures in his desk. Chapter 8: Block, the Tradesman / Dismissal of the Lawyer K. has had enough of Dr. Hulds crap. He decides to fire him and goes to his place to tell him that. Upon getting there at ten P.M. he sees a strange man with a half-naked Leni, who runs off in a hurry. He questions the man, who is Rudi Block, a grain merchant. He is also a client of the lawyer. They make their way to the kitchen, where Leni is making soup for the lawyer. He demands to know if theyre lovers, but she just tries to divert his attention by claiming to have more information about his case. K. is unimpressed and Leni leaves to give the lawyer his soup. K. and Block get to talking, and Block says his case has been going on for five years. A secrethe has five other lawyers on his case, and its the only thing on his mind. Hes always at the offices, trying to see whats going on with his case, and they have a weird superstition there: you can tell the way a mans case will turn out by th e shape of his lips. And poor Joseph is going to lose his case very soon by this reckoning. Leni comes back and sees them talking. She tells K. the lawyer is waiting for him. Block lives here, she says. The lawyer is very unpredictable and you never know when he might want to see you. She shows them his room, a tiny little maids room. K., pressed for a secret in return by Block, tells him he is going to fire the lawyer. Block and Leni are flabbergasted and try to chase him. K. goes in to Huld, who tells him he knows all about Lenis affairs with accused men. Accused men are attractive, you know. Even Block. K. tells the lawyer that hes had it with him. Hes done nothing for him. The lawyer insists that nothing much happens in any case, leading K. to insist theyre as much in the right as him. Huld says he takes only the cases that touch him closely. K. is unimpressed, so the lawyer brings in Block. Huld saysactually yellsat Block that his case is in trouble, that it hasnt even started, that the people at the court call it hopeless, but hes still there to fight for him. Block demonstrates his gratefulness by getting on his knees and kissing his hand. K. gets the feeling hes watching a staged performance of the lawyer and his dog, Block, and remains unmoved. An Italian, one of the banks biggest clients, comes to town and K. is asked to show him around. He especially wants to see the cathedral, where hell meet K. Joseph gets there and sees no Italian, but only the priest calling his name. He talks about K.s case, saying its going badly. Hes guilty, after all, isnt he? No, Im innocent, says K., I just need more help. Like from women? Women have a lot of influence, says K. doggedly. They start to walk around the cathedral, and the priest tells the parable Before the Law. The man from the country comes to the door seeking admittance to the Law, but the guard says he cant come in now. There are plenty of other doors and guards, and hes just the lowest, dont you know? S o the man sits and waits by the door for years on end, trying to find some way to get the guard to let him in, bribing him, pleading, begging the fleas in the guards coat to convince him to let him in. Finally, when the man is about to die, he asks why nobody else ever came to the door. This door was meant only for you, the guard says. And now Im going to close it. They discuss it at some length. Is the doorkeeper subservient to the man? The other way around? Did the man come of his own free will? Is he deluded? It is not necessary to accept everything as true, only to accept it as necessary, says the priest. But, says K., then the world is based on lies. K. decides to leave, since he has to go b ack to work. The priest tells him that he, the priest, also belongs to the Court, which wants nothing of him and allows him to leave whenever he wants. On the evening before his thirty-first birthday, two men come to Josephs apartment and, their arms entwined with his on either side of him, begin to walk him through the city. Along the way he sees Frulein Brstner walking along in front of them. He watches her until she disappears into darkness. Finally they arrive at an abandoned quarry. They take off his coat and shirt and lie him down with a rock for a headrest. They take out a butcher knife and begin passing it to each other over him. He is apparently supposed to take it and plunge it into his own chest. But he doesnt, instead looking over at a house across the way with a light on. Someone is standing at the window on the top floor, and Joseph wonders who it is. Where is the Judge, the High Court, that he couldnt reach? He holds out his hands and spreads his fingers. Then one of the men takes the knife and stabs him, twisting the knife twice. Like a dog! he said; it seemed as if the shame was to outlive him. Joseph is at the bank and gets a call telling him to come to court right away. Instead he decides to go and see Elsa, his girlfriend, a waitress. Will they pu nish him? No. Good. And he hangs up. He takes a cab to see her, thinking of his bank business. Although he hasnt seen his mother, a half-blind old widow living in a small town, in three years, K. suddenly decides to go visit her one day at lunch. Shes been getting more pious, which kind of disgusts him. He tells Khne, an attendant at the bank, what to do while hes gone and while waiting for him to come back, thinks about the threatening Assistant Manager and the accursed Rabensteiner, Kaminer, and Kullich. K. becomes good friends with Hasterer, a lawyer. They frequently go to his house with some other friends and talk over dinner. Hasterer is a master speaker, taking on all comers without breaking a sweat. He has a woman named Helene living with him for a while, who at first stays in bed reading crappy novels but then starts to show up at dinner in a fantastically out of place old ballgown. Finally Hasterer gets bored of her and sends her packing. The Assistant Manager tells K. he knows about his friendship with Hasterer, which somewhat upsets K. K. tries to find out where the first notification of his case came from, and with Titorelli and Wolfarts help finds it. It is, of course, a totally negligible office, existing only to rubber stamp anything the higher ups want done. Titorelli and K. have become close, since K. is always bothering and consulting him about his case. Meanwhile K. is being worn out by his case, sometimes having nightmares about Frau Grubachs other lodgers all pointing the finger at him and accusing him, and then him wandering around the offices meeting truly bizarre figures. Or perhaps he dreams about Titorelli, that they were sitting in front of a fire, K. begging him for something and Titorelli granting it, or them running around the law offices. Conflict with the Assistant Manager K. and the Assistant Manager arent getting along very well, since K. sees him as an usurper, just waiting to get K. fired and taking his place. The Assis tant Manager must see that K. wont go down without a fight, that hes still alive and well. The Assistant Manager comes into Josephs office one day so Joseph can pitch his proposal for something, and the whole time the Assistant Manager is playing with a part of his desk with his penknife. He gets up and sits on it to fix it, breaking it instead. A Fragment (what an inventive title!) Joseph and his uncle come out of a theater into the pouring rain, and Joseph tries to think of some way to get him to go home so he wont have to put him up for the night. He says that his uncle has been helpful, thanks, I have all the help I need, you can go home tomorrow, or tonight even. Joseph K. (Josef K.) Our hero, he is awakened one morning and arrested for something, which he is never told. Over the course of a year, from his 30th to 31st birthdays, he tries to figure out why he is being accused and tries to fight the Court, but finally seems to just surrender to its power. AnnaThe maid who was s upposed to bring Joseph his breakfast, which was eaten by Willem. Franz The warder who bursts into K.s room and tells him hes under arrest. He wants to get married, and is beaten up by the Whipper. Willem The other warder who arrests K, he also is whipped despite his protests that he has a family to feed. The Old Woman and Man Live across the street, seem almost morbidly interested in looking at K while he is in his apartment the morning of his arrest. The Inspector Comes to the apartment to arrest K. K. tries to get out of him what all this is about, but to little avail. Hasterer A prosecuting counsel. K. wants to call him as soon as he is arrested. In the fragment Prosecuting Counsel K is a very close friend of his, and they frequently go to his house, where he lives with a woman called Helene for a little while. Frau Grubach Ks landlady, the owner of the building that K., Frulein Brstner, Frulein Montag, and others live in. She is very fond of K. and tries her best to make him ha ppy, even if she does think hes guilty. Rabensteiner A fellow worker at the Bank, he goes to K.s apartment when he is arrested. Lazy. Kaminer Another worker at the Bank who is at K.s place when he is arrested. Repulsively modest. Kullich (Kullych) Yet another worker at the Bank who turns up at K.s. Stupid. K. wants to slap his pasty white cheeks. K. hates all three of these low-level drudges. Frulein Brstner The girl living in the apartment next to K.s, she is a typist. He and she have a strange encounter the evening after he is arrested. He kisses her like an animal and she apparently feels threatened, since she has Frulein Montag move in with her. She turns up again at the very end, when K. is being led to his death he sees her walking ahead of him for a little while before disappearing. Captain Lanz Frau Grubachs nephew, who sleeps in the living room the night K. is arrested and interrupts K. and Frulein Brstner by making noises. Later, he and Frulein Montag talk in the hall whil e K. is inspecting Frulein Brstners room, apparently about him. The Examining Magistrate One of the more mysterious characters in the book, he is frequently referred to in hushed tones but what we see of him is not very impressive. He questions K. and gets a defiant speech in return. In his spare time he reads porn books and chases the ushers wife. The Ushers Wife (Hilda in the movie) She lets K. into the courtroom both times, and the first time interrupts his speech by being hauled off by the student Bertold, the second she tries to seduce him by saying he can do anything he wants with her and take her anywhere he wants. This reverie is interrupted by Bertold. Bertold The short, bandy-legged law student who chases the ushers wife around, much to the ushers disgust. The Usher Meets up with K. in the law offices after his wife is hauled off by Bertold, tries to convince K. to go after him. Leads K. around the offices, where he meets a truly disturbing group of people waiting for word on their cases. The Man and the Young WomanHelp K. after he is overcome by emotion and bad air in the law offices; haul him to the door. Frulein Montag Frulein Brstners friend, a somewhat sickly looking teacher of French. She moves in with her after the experience with K. Refuses to say much to K. or discuss the circumstances of her move. The Whipper Has the job of whipping Franz and Willem, who scream bloody murderand in K.s bank, no less! K. tries to buy him off but to no avail. The Assistant Manager Works at the Bank and directly below K., who sees him as his rival. K. frequently obsesses about him. Uncle Karl (or Albert) Lives out in the country, comes to see K. about his case and takes him to see Dr. Huld, an old school friend of his. Talks with Huld about K., later berates K for fooling around with Leni. Erna K.s 17-year-old cousin, who is at boarding school in the same city as K and writes her dad Uncle Karl about Ks case. Dr. Huld the Advocate K.s lawyer, who seems to know his way around the Court. Promises to help K., but everything is always being delayed so that nothing concrete ever happens. K. later comes back to fire him, only to be given the routine with Block as an example of how grateful he should be for his help. The Chief Clerk He has just been talking to Huld when Uncle Karl and K. arrive, so he hides himself. Later he introduces himself and talks about Josephs case with Huld and K.s uncle. LeniThe whore! Dr. Hulds nurse and also mistress, a position she also holds with several other of his clients. Claims she wants to help K. and tells him to basically surrender to the Court. She is eager to show K her physical defect, a webbed hand, which apparently turns Joseph on, so that he kisses it and ends up on the floor with her. Later on she gives him a key so he can come back whenever he wants. Coming back another time, he sees that she has somebody else too, Block. Participates in the ridiculous playacting scene between Block and Huld. Elsa K. s girlfriend at the start of the novel, she is a waitress at a cabaret. He goes to see her once a week. One time he goes to see her instead of to court, which annoys the Court. Leni doesnt like the way she looks in her picture. Manufacturer Comes to see K. at the bank and tells him about Titorelli the painter, giving him a letter of recommendation for him to give to Titorelli. Titorelli The painter. From painting the judges he knows the Court inside and out but cant necessarily help K. He explains the way it operates and then tries to sell K. some of his nature scenes. Has his very own harem of groupies around his place, which gets on his nerves at times. In the fragment The House he and K. see each other a lot, trying to get somewhere with his case. The girls The chiquitas who congregate around Titorellis apartment, harassing him and everyone who comes around. They belong to the Court, says Titorelli grimly. Rudi Block The grain merchant who has taken to living at Hulds place, his case has been going on for five years. Has taken several other lawyers too, in order to get his case going, which is all he thinks about, but to little avail. He is yet another beneficiary of Lenis services, and gets involved in ridiculous playacting in front of K. in an effort to get him to keep Huld. The lawyers dog, so to speak. The Italian colleague K. is supposed to show him around town, at least the cathedral, but this turns out to be just a way to get K. there himself. The priest Talks to K., tells him the parable Before the Law and discusses it with him. He is a mouthpiece of the Court, and tells him the Court wants nothing of him. The two gentlemen They come to Josephs place the night before his 31st birthday and haul him through town to the quarry, where they make him lie down, pass a knife over him, and finally kill him. Mrs. K. Josephs mother, an old widow whom he hasnt visited in three years, but then suddenly decides to visit now. She lives in a small town and is almos t blind. K. s cousinLives in the same town as his mother, is alarmed about her health. KhneAn attendant at the bank, K. tells him what to do while he goes to see his mother. Helene The slut Hasterer lives with for a while. This disturbing and vastly influential novel has been interpreted on many levels of structure and symbol; but most commentators agree that the book explores the themes of guilt, anxiety, and moral impotency in the face of some ambiguous force. .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .postImageUrl , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:hover , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:visited , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:active { border:0!important; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:active , .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194 .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef5f880239d76ef4cba98d5c4ad9a194:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Volleyball EssayJoseph K. is an employee in a bank, a man without particular qualities or abilities. He could be anyone, and in some ways he is everyone. His inconsequence makes doubly strange his arrest by the officer of the court in the large city where K. lives. He tries in vain to discover how he has aroused the suspicion of the court. His honesty is conventional; his sins, with Elsa the waitress, are conventional; and he has no striking or dangerous ambitions. He can only ask questions, and receives no answers that clarify the strange world of courts and court functionaries in which he is compelled to wander. The plight of Joseph K., consumed by guilt and condemned fo r a crime he does not understand by a court with which he cannot communicate, is a profound and disturbing image of man in the modern world. There are no formal charges, no procedures, and little information to guide the defendant. One of the most unsettling aspects of the novel is the continual juxtaposition of alternative hypotheses, multiple explanations, different interpretations of cause and effect, and the uncertainty it breeds. The whole rational structure of the world is undermined. Is it not better to fall into the hands of a murderer than into the dreams of a lustful woman? Friedrich Nietzsche, Also Sprach ZarathustraChapter 1: The Arrest / Conversation with Frau Grubach / Then Frulein Brstner Joseph K., our hero, wakes up the morning of his thirtieth birthday expecting his breakfast to be brought to him. What he gets instead are two warders, Franz and Willem, telling him hes under arrest. He protests some, demanding to see their boss, at first thinking it must be a joke perpetrated on him by some people at the Bank, where he works as a chief clerk. He meets the Inspector, who says its for real but refuses to say why. The Inspector is seated in Frulein Brstners room next door, and K. sees three men he knows from the bank there, Rabensteiner, Kaminer, and Kullich, whom he greets angrily before hurrying off to work. After he gets home from work that evening, he talks with his landlady, Frau Grubach. He apologizes for the ruckus and she says its all right, but t hat she doesnt really understand this business of his arrest. He starts to go to his room and asks if Frulein Brstner is in, so he can apologize for the appropriation of her room. No, she isnt, and he can see her room himself. Frau Grubach starts wondering about her nocturnal habits, as shes seen her with young men around town at night, only to be interrupted by K., defending her from unwarranted aspersions on her character. She leaves, and he goes to bed, where he cant sleep. At about 11:30 Frulein Brstner, a typist, comes home and K. goes to talk to her. He tells her what happened that morning, but she doesnt seem to be really interested, asking bored questions about it, as if to get rid of him. A knock on the door down the hall interrupts them, and Joseph apologizes profusely for taking up her time and makes as if to leave, but not before grabbing her and kissing her savagely. Then he goes back to his own room. Joseph gets a call at work telling him to show up for a brief inquiry into his case on Sunday. He goes to the building mentioned that Sunday, only to find its just a big tenement house, with no distinguishing marks. After wandering through the building he at last is directed to the Court of Inquiry by a strange woman doing laundry. The Court is sitting in an overcrowded, stuffy room, with a platform and a big audience of important looking men. He gets berated for being late and is asked if hes a house painter. K. takes this opportunity to address the audience (which answers with applause) about how much this court sucks, it cant get its facts straight, this whole thing is a farce, a conspiracy He is cut off by a man pressing the woman he saw outside the courtroom to him and shrieking. K. makes his way through the crowd and leaves. Chapter 3: In the Empty Courtroom / The Student / The Offices The next Sunday K. feels he should go back to the court, only to get there and finding nobody there but the woman he saw before. She apologizes for the disturban ce, and blames it on Bertold, a law student who has been chasing her around, although she is the wife of the usher. K. examines the books left on the table, only to find that apparently the Examining Magistrate has a taste for erotica. He is interrupted by the woman, who starts to tell him about the Examining Magistrate and how he was writing a brief on K.s case last week before coming in to look at her sleeping. He even gave her some stockings, look! And she shows them to him. Bertold has entered the room at some point and is hulking towards them. Nevertheless the woman insinuates that K. can have her, only to be interrupted by Bertold, who carries her off. K. chases them into the court offices but loses them. The usher comes in and complains about Bertold chasing his wife (even though she throws herself at him) and how he would love to see him flattened. He tries to interest Joseph in this matter and they start walking through the labyrinthine, dark, stifling offices. Along the wa y they get to a hallway filled with men waiting for word on their cases. K. gets spooked and wants to leave, but hes lost. He begins to feel faint and has to sit down, helped by a young woman and a man. He finally makes his way out, carried along by the man and young woman, badly shaken and not wanting to come back. Chapter 4: Frulein Brstners Friend (Editorss note: In the new edition, this chapter is consigned to the Fragments section, so it goes straight from the empty courtroom to the whipper.) Joseph wants to talk to Frulein Brstner again, but she hasnt been around. One day he notices an awful racket coming from her room and finds out that her friend, Frulein Montag, a sickly French teacher, is moving in with her. He talks to Frau Grubach about it, who says shell stop the noise if he wants but that yes, Frulein Brstner is indeed having Frulein Montag move in with her. Joseph is upset over this turn of events, apparently started by his own behavior, and goes to see the room for himself, where he meets Frulein Montag. She wont tell him exactly why shes moving in, and says that Frulein Brstner doesnt want to talk to him. He goes back to his room, thinking about what all this might mean. K. is walking to his office in the Bank when he hears a horrible scream. He investigates and finds that Franz and Willem, the warders, are being whipped in a dark little storeroom. They plead with him to let them off, they have their own troubles, but the whipper is adamant about doing his duty. K. tries to buy him off, but no, that wont do. Finally he tries to pull them out of the room but is foiled. For the next week he cant get it out of his mind and goes back to look at the room, only to find everything as it was last week, with the whipper and the two warders there again. K. slams the door and yells for someone to clean out the closet. K.s uncle Karl (or Albert) visits him in his office. He has come in from the country, upset over his nephews case and wanting to help him . They go to see one of his uncles school friends, Dr. Huld, who is very sick but knows all about Josephs case. He has just been talking to the Chief Clerk, and the three of them begin talking. Meanwhile Josephs mind is on the nurse, a young woman called Leni. In the middle of the conversation he hears a crash, and goes to check it out, finding out that Leni just wanted to get him alone with her. She wants him to like her, she insists, but Joseph is more interested in his case. This painting of an important-looking judge, for instance. Will he be his judge? Oh, no, no, hes just an examining magistrate, done up as if he were important. In fact, hes just a midget. Leni advises him to confess and not be so unyielding.She wants to know all about his girlfriend Elsa, a waitress in a club, and he shows her a photograph. She is less than impressed, saying that she looks hard and wouldnt he like to trade her for a better one? Does she have a defect, like Lenis webbed hand? Joseph seems intr igued and kisses it, only to be hauled onto the floor by an exultant Leni. Later she gives him a key so he can come back anytime he wants. He promptly bumps into his uncle who berates him for fooling around with what is obviously the lawyers mistress, and they leave. Chapter 7: Lawyer / Manufacturer / Painter K. is now totally obsessed over his case, which is now about six months along. He sometimes meets with Dr. Huld, who tells him that yes, hes doing everything he can, but things have to go slowly. One needs to understand how things work, the lawyer tells him, and you definitely need someone who knows the ropes. Without that, your case is hopeless. K. cant figure out what exactly the purpose of these speeches is, but hes getting impatient. Nothing seems to be happening with his case, and he decides to do more himself, as the lawyer isnt doing anything for him. At work, where hes feeling increasingly threatened by the Assistant Manager, one of his clients, a manufacturer, knows ab out his case and tells him about the painter Titorelli, who might be able to help him. He even writes a letter K. can give the painter. He thinks it over and decides to go see him right away, even though the Assistant Manager is just dying for some reason to steal his clients (he thinks). He finds the place where the painter lives, a ramshackle, stuffy, poorly-built apartment, surrounded by a bunch of young girls who want to know why K.s here. Titorelli greets him and locks the door behind him, complaining about these brats. K. notices another painting of a judge. Who is he? Oh, hes Justice, in the abstract. But in reality hes just another low magistrate whos had his picture painted like that. Theyre very vain, these judges. They begin to talk about his case, interrupted at times by the girls talking or asking if K. has left yet. Im innocent, K. maintains. Good, says Titorelli. But the Court is not to be budged. It owns everything, like those girls out there. It is impervious to tru th. What acquittal do you want? Theres actual acquittal, apparent acquittal, and protraction. Actual acquittal is the best but cant be influenced. Besides, Ive never heard of one. Apparent acquittal I could help you with. I could write an affidavit swearing your innocence. But if you are acquitted, it isnt final. This would be followed by the second arrest, the second trial and acquittal, and then the third arrest, and so on. Protraction is just where you keep your case at the lowest level of the Court. You dont have to worry about sudden arrests or anything like that, but you do have to keep a constant eye on your case, since it still has to be kept going. K. has heard quite enough of the Courts machinations and gets up to leave. Titorelli convinces him to buy a few of his landscape paintings, and K. walks out the back door, only to find himself in the law offices again. He meets the people waiting on their cases again and finds an usher to lead him out. He goes back to the bank an d hides the pictures in his desk. Chapter 8: Block, the Tradesman / Dismissal of the Lawyer K. has had enough of Dr. Hulds crap. He decides to fire him and goes to his place to tell him that. Upon getting there at ten P.M. he sees a strange man with a half-naked Leni, who runs off in a hurry. He questions the man, who is Rudi Block, a grain merchant. He is also a client of the lawyer. They make their way to the kitchen, where Leni is making soup for the lawyer. He demands to know if theyre lovers, but she just tries to divert his attention by claiming to have more information about his case. K. is unimpressed and Leni leaves to give the lawyer his soup. K. and Block get to talking, and Block says his case has been going on for five years. A secrethe has five other lawyers on his case, and its the only thing on his mind. Hes always at the offices, trying to see whats going on with his case, and they have a weird superstition there: you can tell the way a mans case will turn out by th e shape of his lips. And poor Joseph is going to lose his case very soon by this reckoning. Leni comes back and sees them talking. She tells K. the lawyer is waiting for him. Block lives here, she says. The lawyer is very unpredictable and you never know when he might want to see you. She shows them his room, a tiny little maids room. K., pressed for a secret in return by Block, tells him he is going to fire the lawyer. Block and Leni are flabbergasted and try to chase him. K. goes in to Huld, who tells him he knows all about Lenis affairs with accused men. Accused men are attractive, you know. Even Block. K. tells the lawyer that hes had it with him. Hes done nothing for him. The lawyer insists that nothing much happens in any case, leading K. to insist theyre as much in the right as him. Huld says he takes only the cases that touch him closely. K. is unimpressed, so the lawyer brings in Block. Huld saysactually yellsat Block that his case is in trouble, that it hasnt even started, that the people at the court call it hopeless, but hes still there to fight for him. Block demonstrates his gratefulness by getting on his knees and kissing his hand. K. gets the feeling hes watching a staged performance of the lawyer and his dog, Block, and remains unmoved. An Italian, one of the banks biggest clients, comes to town and K. is asked to show him around. He especially wants to see the cathedral, where hell meet K. Joseph gets there and sees no Italian, but only the priest calling his name. He talks about K.s case, saying its going badly. Hes guilty, after all, isnt he? No, Im innocent, says K., I just need more help. Like from women? Women have a lot of influence, says K. doggedly. They start to walk around the cathedral, and the priest tells the parable Before the Law. The man from the country comes to the door seeking admittance to the Law, but the guard says he cant come in now. There are plenty of other doors and guards, and hes just the lowest, dont you know? S o the man sits and waits by the door for years on end, trying to find some way to get the guard to let him in, bribing him, pleading, begging the fleas in the guards coat to convince him to let him in. Finally, when the man is about to die, he asks why nobody else ever came to the door. This door was meant only for you, the guard says. And now Im going to close it. They discuss it at some length. Is the doorkeeper subservient to the man? The other way around? Did the man come of his own free will? Is he deluded? It is not necessary to accept everything as true, only to accept it as necessary, says the priest. But, says K., then the world is based on lies. K. decides to leave, since he has to go b ack to work. The priest tells him that he, the priest, also belongs to the Court, which wants nothing of him and allows him to leave whenever he wants. On the evening before his thirty-first birthday, two men come to Josephs apartment and, their arms entwined with his on either side of him, begin to walk him through the city. Along the way he sees Frulein Brstner walking along in front of them. He watches her until she disappears into darkness. Finally they arrive at an abandoned quarry. They take off his coat and shirt and lie him down with a rock for a headrest. They take out a butcher knife and begin passing it to each other over him. He is apparently supposed to take it and plunge it into his own chest. But he doesnt, instead looking over at a house across the way with a light on. Someone is standing at the window on the top floor, and Joseph wonders who it is. Where is the Judge, the High Court, that he couldnt reach? He holds out his hands and spreads his fingers. Then one of the men takes the knife and stabs him, twisting the knife twice. Like a dog! he said; it seemed as if the shame was to outlive him. Joseph is at the bank and gets a call telling him to come to court right away. Instead he decides to go and see Elsa, his girlfriend, a waitress. Will they pu nish him? No. Good. And he hangs up. He takes a cab to see her, thinking of his bank business. Although he hasnt seen his mother, a half-blind old widow living in a small town, in three years, K. suddenly decides to go visit her one day at lunch. Shes been getting more pious, which kind of disgusts him. He tells Khne, an attendant at the bank, what to do while hes gone and while waiting for him to come back, thinks about the threatening Assistant Manager and the accursed Rabensteiner, Kaminer, and Kullich. K. becomes good friends with Hasterer, a lawyer. They frequently go to his house with some other friends and talk over dinner. Hasterer is a master speaker, taking on all comers without breaking a sweat. He has a woman named Helene living with him for a while, who at first stays in bed reading crappy novels but then starts to show up at dinner in a fantastically out of place old ballgown. Finally Hasterer gets bored of her and sends her packing. The Assistant Manager tells K. he knows about his friendship with Hasterer, which somewhat upsets K. K. tries to find out where the first notification of his case came from, and with Titorelli and Wolfarts help finds it. It is, of course, a totally negligible office, existing only to rubber stamp anything the higher ups want done. Titorelli and K. have become close, since K. is always bothering and consulting him about his case. Meanwhile K. is being worn out by his case, sometimes having nightmares about Frau Grubachs other lodgers all pointing the finger at him and accusing him, and then him wandering around the offices meeting truly bizarre figures. Or perhaps he dreams about Titorelli, that they were sitting in front of a fire, K. begging him for something and Titorelli granting it, or them running around the law offices. Conflict with the Assistant Manager K. and the Assistant Manager arent getting along very well, since K. sees him as an usurper, just waiting to get K. fired and taking his place. The Assis tant Manager must see that K. wont go down without a fight, that hes still alive and well. The Assistant Manager comes into Josephs office one day so Joseph can pitch his proposal for something, and the whole time the Assistant Manager is playing with a part of his desk with his penknife. He gets up and sits on it to fix it, breaking it instead. A Fragment (what an inventive title!) Joseph and his uncle come out of a theater into the pouring rain, and Joseph tries to think of some way to get him to go home so he wont have to put him up for the night. He says that his uncle has been helpful, thanks, I have all the help I need, you can go home tomorrow, or tonight even. Joseph K. (Josef K.) Our hero, he is awakened one morning and arrested for something, which he is never told. Over the course of a year, from his 30th to 31st birthdays, he tries to figure out why he is being accused and tries to fight the Court, but finally seems to just surrender to its power. AnnaThe maid who was s upposed to bring Joseph his breakfast, which was eaten by Willem. Franz The warder who bursts into K.s room and tells him hes under arrest. He wants to get married, and is beaten up by the Whipper. Willem The other warder who arrests K, he also is whipped despite his protests that he has a family to feed. The Old Woman and Man Live across the street, seem almost morbidly interested in looking at K while he is in his apartment the morning of his arrest. The Inspector Comes to the apartment to arrest K. K. tries to get out of him what all this is about, but to little avail. Hasterer A prosecuting counsel. K. wants to call him as soon as he is arrested. In the fragment Prosecuting Counsel K is a very close friend of his, and they frequently go to his house, where he lives with a woman called Helene for a little while. Frau Grubach Ks landlady, the owner of the building that K., Frulein Brstner, Frulein Montag, and others live in. She is very fond of K. and tries her best to make him ha ppy, even if she does think hes guilty. Rabensteiner A fellow worker at the Bank, he goes to K.s apartment when he is arrested. Lazy. Kaminer Another worker at the Bank who is at K.s place when he is arrested. Repulsively modest. Kullich (Kullych) Yet another worker at the Bank who turns up at K.s. Stupid. K. wants to slap his pasty white cheeks. K. hates all three of these low-level drudges. Frulein Brstner The girl living in the apartment next to K.s, she is a typist. He and she have a strange encounter the evening after he is arrested. He kisses her like an animal and she apparently feels threatened, since she has Frulein Montag move in with her. She turns up again at the very end, when K. is being led to his death he sees her walking ahead of him for a little while before disappearing. Captain Lanz Frau Grubachs nephew, who sleeps in the living room the night K. is arrested and interrupts K. and Frulein Brstner by making noises. Later, he and Frulein Montag talk in the hall whil e K. is inspecting Frulein Brstners room, apparently about him. The Examining Magistrate One of the more mysterious characters in the book, he is frequently referred to in hushed tones but what we see of him is not very impressive. He questions K. and gets a defiant speech in return. In his spare time he reads porn books and chases the ushers wife. The Ushers Wife (Hilda in the movie) She lets K. into the courtroom both times, and the first time interrupts his speech by being hauled off by the student Bertold, the second she tries to seduce him by saying he can do anything he wants with her and take her anywhere he wants. This reverie is interrupted by Bertold. Bertold The short, bandy-legged law student who chases the ushers wife around, much to the ushers disgust. The Usher Meets up with K. in the law offices after his wife is hauled off by Bertold, tries to convince K. to go after him. Leads K. around the offices, where he meets a truly disturbing group of people waiting for word on their cases. The Man and the Young WomanHelp K. after he is overcome by emotion and bad air in the law offices; haul him to the door. Frulein Montag Frulein Brstners friend, a somewhat sickly looking teacher of French. She moves in with her after the experience with K. Refuses to say much to K. or discuss the circumstances of her move. The Whipper Has the job of whipping Franz and Willem, who scream bloody murderand in K.s bank, no less! K. tries to buy him off but to no avail. The Assistant Manager Works at the Bank and directly below K., who sees him as his rival. K. frequently obsesses about him. Uncle Karl (or Albert) Lives out in the country, comes to see K. about his case and takes him to see Dr. Huld, an old school friend of his. Talks with Huld about K., later berates K for fooling around with Leni. Erna K.s 17-year-old cousin, who is at boarding school in the same city as K and writes her dad Uncle Karl about Ks case. Dr. Huld the Advocate K.s lawyer, who seems to know his way around the Court. Promises to help K., but everything is always being delayed so that nothing concrete ever happens. K. later comes back to fire him, only to be given the routine with Block as an example of how grateful he should be for his help. The Chief Clerk He has just been talking to Huld when Uncle Karl and K. arrive, so he hides himself. Later he introduces himself and talks about Josephs case with Huld and K.s uncle. LeniThe whore! Dr. Hulds nurse and also mistress, a position she also holds with several other of his clients. Claims she wants to help K. and tells him to basically surrender to the Court. She is eager to show K her physical defect, a webbed hand, which apparently turns Joseph on, so that he kisses it and ends up on the floor with her. Later on she gives him a key so he can come back whenever he wants. Coming back another time, he sees that she has somebody else too, Block. Participates in the ridiculous playacting scene between Block and Huld. Elsa K. s girlfriend at the start of the novel, she is a waitress at a cabaret. He goes to see her once a week. One time he goes to see her instead of to court, which annoys the Court. Leni doesnt like the way she looks in her picture. Manufacturer Comes to see K. at the bank and tells him about Titorelli the painter, giving him a letter of recommendation for him to give to Titorelli. Titorelli The painter. From painting the judges he knows the Court inside and out but cant necessarily help K. He explains the way it operates and then tries to sell K. some of his nature scenes. Has his very own harem of groupies around his place, which gets on his nerves at times. In the fragment The House he and K. see each other a lot, trying to get somewhere with his case. The girls The chiquitas who congregate around Titorellis apartment, harassing him and everyone who comes around. They belong to the Court, says Titorelli grimly. Rudi Block The grain merchant who has taken to living at Hulds place, his case has been going on for five years. Has taken several other lawyers too, in order to get his case going, which is all he thinks about, but to little avail. He is yet another beneficiary of Lenis services, and gets involved in ridiculous playacting in front of K. in an effort to get him to keep Huld. The lawyers dog, so to speak. The Italian colleague K. is supposed to show him around town, at least the cathedral, but this turns out to be just a way to get K. there himself. The priest Talks to K., tells him the parable Before the Law and discusses it with him. He is a mouthpiece of the Court, and tells him the Court wants nothing of him. The two gentlemen They come to Josephs place the night before his 31st birthday and haul him through town to the quarry, where they make him lie down, pass a knife over him, and finally kill him. Mrs. K. Josephs mother, an old widow whom he hasnt visited in three years, but then suddenly decides to visit now. She lives in a small town and is almos t blind. K. s cousinLives in the same town as his mother, is alarmed about her health. KhneAn attendant at the bank, K. tells him what to do while he goes to see his mother. Helene The slut Hasterer lives with for a while. Wolfart Mysterious; never explained. Does anyone know who this guy is? Bibliography: